{"id":2669,"date":"2012-08-29T16:18:51","date_gmt":"2012-08-29T15:18:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/efecte-del-descornat-i-del-desmotxat-en-el-benestar-del-bestiar-bovi\/"},"modified":"2024-04-06T14:37:57","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:37:57","slug":"efecte-del-descornat-i-del-desmotxat-en-el-benestar-del-bestiar-bovi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/efecte-del-descornat-i-del-desmotxat-en-el-benestar-del-bestiar-bovi\/","title":{"rendered":"Efecte del descornat i del desmotxat en el benestar del bestiar bov\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eva Mainau, D\u00e9borah Temple, Xavier Manteca<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a>
\nDescarregar PDF <\/a><\/p>\n

El descornat i el desmotxat s\u00f3n pr\u00e0ctiques relativament freq\u00fcents en el bestiar bov\u00ed. Els motius principals d’aquestes pr\u00e0ctiques s\u00f3n que els animals sense banyes resulten m\u00e9s f\u00e0cils de manejar i s\u00f3n potencialment menys perillosos tant per a les persones com per als altres animals. A m\u00e9s, els animals sense banyes requereixen menys espai de corral i de menjadora que els animals amb banyes. Els procediments m\u00e9s utilitzats actualment s\u00f3n el desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3<\/strong>, el desmotxat qu\u00edmic<\/strong> mitjan\u00e7ant l’aplicaci\u00f3 d’una subst\u00e0ncia c\u00e0ustica i el descornat per amputaci\u00f3<\/strong>. Mentre que el desmotxat sol realitzar-se durant les primeres 4-6 setmanes de vida de l’animal, quan els botons germinals de les banyes tenen entre 5 i 10 mm de longitud, el descornat es realitza quan la banya ja est\u00e0 formada.<\/p>\n

El descornat i el desmotxat s\u00f3n pr\u00e0ctiques doloroses<\/h2>\n

Encara que el desmotxat i el descornat estan justificats per raons de maneig i fins i tot de benestar dels animals, no hi ha dubte que es tracta de pr\u00e0ctiques doloroses.<\/p>\n

El dolor ha estat avaluat usant indicadors de comportament, fisiol\u00f2gics i productius. Els canvis de conducta s\u00f3n un indicador important de dolor. Tot i aix\u00f2, els indicadors fisiol\u00f2gics poden ser especialment \u00fatils en animals com els bovins, que no solen mostrar canvis de comportament pronunciats fins que les lesions s\u00f3n greus.<\/p>\n

Indicadors de comportament, fisiol\u00f2gics i productius del dolor causat pel desmotxat i descornat<\/h2>\n

Indicadors de comportament<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Increment<\/h4>\n
    \n
  • Jeure \/ aixecar-se<\/li>\n
  • Sacsejar la cua<\/li>\n
  • Sacsejar el cap<\/li>\n
  • Sacsejar les orelles<\/li>\n
  • Donar patades<\/li>\n
  • Rascar-se<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    Disminuci\u00f3<\/h4>\n
      \n
    • Ingesti\u00f3 i rumia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>
      <\/div>\n

      Indicadors fisiol\u00f2gics i productius<\/strong><\/h3>\n
      \n\t\t\t\t\t

      Increment<\/h4>\n
        \n
      • Cortisol plasm\u00e0tic<\/li>\n
      • Cortisol en saliva<\/li>\n
      • Freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia card\u00edaca<\/li>\n
      • Freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia respirat\u00f2ria<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        Disminuci\u00f3<\/h4>\n
          \n
        • Guany de pes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>
          <\/div>\n

          A m\u00e9s, s’observa un augment en la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de la conducta d’empolainament durant i immediatament despr\u00e9s del desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3. Per contra, s’observa una menor freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d’aquesta conducta despr\u00e9s del desmotxat qu\u00edmic i del descornat. Per contra, s’observa una menor freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d’aquesta conducta despr\u00e9s del desmotxat qu\u00edmic i del descornat.
          \nTot i que tradicionalment s’ha pensat que els animals nounats s\u00f3n menys sensibles al dolor que els adults, aquesta idea no sembla ser certa. En realitat, els animals de les anomenades esp\u00e8cies precoces (\u00e9s a dir, les que neixen en un estat de desenvolupament motor i sensorial molt avan\u00e7at, com el bov\u00ed, per exemple) s\u00f3n capa\u00e7os d’experimentar dolor des d’abans del naixement. Fins i tot si aquesta capacitat augmenta gradualment, tot sembla indicar que els remugants joves tenen una sensibilitat al dolor ben desenvolupada al cap de pocs dies de vida.<\/p>\n

          \"\"

          Desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3 realitzada sobre els botons germinals que formaran la banya per evitar el seu creixement (foto cortesia de la Universitat de l’Estat d’Iowa, EUA).<\/p><\/div>\n

          Desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3<\/h2>\n

          El desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3 causa canvis de conducta indicatius de dolor tant durant el procediment com despr\u00e9s del mateix i aquests canvis es mantenen durant un per\u00edode d’unes 4 hores. El desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3 malmet la pell al voltant dels botons de les banyes amb una ferida raonablement superficial.<\/p>\n

          Desmotxat qu\u00edmic<\/h2>\n

          La resposta al desmotxat qu\u00edmic \u00e9s diferent, perqu\u00e8 la vedella no sol mostrar signes aparents de dolor durant el procediment. Aix\u00f2 no obstant, un cop finalitzat el procediment s’observen canvis de conducta indicatius de dolor que poden prolongar-se unes 3 o 4 hores. A m\u00e9s, la subst\u00e0ncia c\u00e0ustica pot causar lesions profundes en l’animal que ha estat desmotxat i fins i tot en altres animals com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia del contacte f\u00edsic entre animals.<\/p>\n

          Descornat per amputaci\u00f3<\/h2>\n

          El descornat per amputaci\u00f3 causa canvis de conducta durant el procediment i durant les 6-8 hores posteriors a aquest. L’amputaci\u00f3 afecta la pell, l’os i de vegades el si frontal, causant lesions m\u00e9s profundes i extenses.<\/p>\n

          Concentraci\u00f3 Plasm\u00e0tica de Cortisol<\/h2>\n

          El cortisol \u00e9s una hormona glucocorticoide produ\u00efda per la gl\u00e0ndula suprarenal i la secreci\u00f3 de la qual augmenta en resposta a l’estr\u00e8s. S’ha observat que la concentraci\u00f3 plasm\u00e0tica de cortisol augmenta com a resposta a una malaltia o lesi\u00f3 i tamb\u00e9 com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de la por i el dolor. El descornat i el desmotxat s\u00f3n procediments dolorosos i estressants, i per tant causen un augment en la concentraci\u00f3 plasm\u00e0tica de cortisol. El desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3 causa un lleuger augment de la concentraci\u00f3 plasm\u00e0tica total de cortisol, que arriba a un nivell m\u00e0xim als 30 minuts i torna als nivells pretractament entre 2 i 4 hores despr\u00e9s. El desmotxat qu\u00edmic causa un augment de la concentraci\u00f3 plasm\u00e0tica de cortisol durant l’hora seg\u00fcent a l’aplicaci\u00f3 del material c\u00e0ustic, i torna a nivells pretractament entre 4 i 24 hores despr\u00e9s. El descornat causa un augment immediat de la concentraci\u00f3 plasm\u00e0tica de cortisol, que arriba al nivell m\u00e0xim als 30 minuts despr\u00e9s del tractament i torna a nivells pretractament entre 5 i 9 hores despr\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

          Minimitzar o controlar el dolor<\/h2>\n

          Si no \u00e9s possible utilitzar anest\u00e8sia local i analg\u00e8sia sist\u00e8mica, el desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3 \u00e9s preferible al desmotxat qu\u00edmic i al descornat. En efecte, tal com hem dit, l’augment de la concentraci\u00f3 plasm\u00e0tica de cortisol en les hores seg\u00fcents al desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3 \u00e9s menor que quan es realitza desmotxat qu\u00edmic o per amputaci\u00f3, suggerint que el desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3 \u00e9s menys dolor\u00f3s, almenys a curt termini, en comparaci\u00f3 de les altres t\u00e8cniques.
          \nSempre que sigui possible s’ha d’utilitzar una combinaci\u00f3 d’anest\u00e8sia local i analg\u00e8sia sist\u00e8mica amb AINEs (antiinflamatori no estero\u00efdals) que elimina gaireb\u00e9 totalment els canvis de conducta i hormonals indicatius de dolor agut tant pel descornat com pel desmotxat. A m\u00e9s, com que els animals poden experimentar dolor cr\u00f2nic de 24 a 48 hores despr\u00e9s del descornat i esmotxat, cal considerar la possibilitat de prolongar el tractament analg\u00e8sic.<\/p>\n

          Recomanacions europees<\/h2>\n

          L’actual legislaci\u00f3 europea sobre normes m\u00ednimes per a la protecci\u00f3 dels vedells (Directiva 91\/629\/CEE) no regula els procediments de descobert o esmotxat. Tot i aix\u00f2, en alguns pa\u00efsos \u00e9s obligatori alleujar el dolor durant els processos dolorosos. A m\u00e9s, segons el Codi Europeu de Recomanacions per al Benestar del Bestiar Bov\u00ed, el desmotxat s’ha de fer abans que els vedells tinguin dos mesos d’edat i idealment tan aviat com els botons de les banyes siguin visibles. Es recomana no realitzar el desmotxat qu\u00edmic, i el desmotxat per cauteritzaci\u00f3 s’ha de realitzar sota anest\u00e8sia local per un cuidador format i competent. L’esmotxat no hauria de ser un procediment rutinari i l’\u00fas de bestiar bov\u00ed sense banyes s’ha de considerar com una alternativa al descobert en el futur.<\/p>\n

          \u00abEl descornat \u00e9s el terme que es pot aplicar a l’eliminaci\u00f3 de les banyes al bestiar bov\u00ed de totes les edats, mentre que el desmotxat es refereix a l’eliminaci\u00f3 dels botons germinals que formaran les banyes en les vedelles de fins al voltant 2 mesos d’edat\u00bb<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n

          Resum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          El descornat i el desmotxat s\u00f3n pr\u00e0ctiques doloroses que es realitzen freq\u00fcentment al bestiar bov\u00ed per facilitar-ne el maneig. Per tal de reduir el dolor causat per aquests procediments es recomana utilitzar una combinaci\u00f3 d’anest\u00e8sia local i analg\u00e8sia sist\u00e8mica amb AINEs (antiinflamatoris no estero\u00efdals).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
          \n

          Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • ALCASDE Project \u2013 Final Report: Study on the improved methods for animal-friendly production, in particular on alternatives to the castration of pigs and on alternatives to the dehorning of cattle, December 2009 (SANCO\/2008\/D5\/018).<\/li>\n
          • Anil L, Anil S S and Deen J 2005 Pain detection and amelioration in animals on the farm: issues and options Journal of applied animal welfare science 8: 261-278.<\/li>\n
          • Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock: cattle, Defra Publications, March, 2003.<\/li>\n
          • Mellor D J and Diesch T J 2006 Onset of sentience: the potential for suffering in fetal and newborn farm animals<\/li>\n
          • Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100: 48-57.<\/li>\n
          • Scientific Veterinary Committee 1995 Report on the Welfare of Calves Brussels: European Commission.<\/li>\n
          • Stafford K J and Mellor D J 2011 Addressing the pain associated with disbudding and dehorning in cattle Applied<\/li>\n
          • Animal Behaviour Science 135: 226-231.<\/li>\n
          • Vickers K J, Niel L, Kiehlbauch L M and Weary D M 2005 Calf response to caustic paste and hot-iron dehorning using sedation with and without local anesthetic Journal of Dairy Science 88: 1454-1459.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            El descornat i el desmotxat s\u00f3n pr\u00e0ctiques relativament freq\u00fcents en el bestiar bov\u00ed. Els motius principals d’aquestes pr\u00e0ctiques s\u00f3n que els animals sense banyes resulten m\u00e9s f\u00e0cils de manejar i s\u00f3n potencialment menys perillosos tant per a les persones com per als altres animals.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1475,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"\nEfecte del descornat i del desmotxat en el benestar del bestiar bov\u00ed - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/efecte-del-descornat-i-del-desmotxat-en-el-benestar-del-bestiar-bovi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Efecte del descornat i del desmotxat en el benestar del bestiar bov\u00ed - Awec\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El descornat i el desmotxat s\u00f3n pr\u00e0ctiques relativament freq\u00fcents en el bestiar bov\u00ed. 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