{"id":2677,"date":"2013-01-29T16:55:13","date_gmt":"2013-01-29T15:55:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/benestar-de-les-vaques-de-llet-durant-el-peripart\/"},"modified":"2024-04-15T16:07:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-15T15:07:55","slug":"benestar-de-les-vaques-de-llet-durant-el-peripart","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/benestar-de-les-vaques-de-llet-durant-el-peripart\/","title":{"rendered":"Benestar de les vaques de llet durant el peripart"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00e9borah Temple, Eva Mainau, Xavier Manteca<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a>
\nDescarregar PDF <\/a><\/p>\n

El part normal o eut\u00f2cic suposa un risc tant per a la mare com per al vedell nounat, i aquest risc augmenta en parts dif\u00edcils o dist\u00f2cics. En el cas de la mare, el maneig durant el peripart t\u00e9 efectes cr\u00edtics per a la salut, que es poden estendre a la lactaci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent. En el cas del vedell, la mortalitat perinatal representa la meitat de totes les baixes abans del deslletament. Aix\u00ed doncs, el per\u00edode del peripart comporta problemes de benestar i p\u00e8rdues econ\u00f2miques, que es poden reduir millorant el maneig.<\/p>\n

El part \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s dolor\u00f3s i estressant<\/h2>\n

Est\u00e0 generalment acceptat que el part causa dolor agut a totes les esp\u00e8cies, incloent a les vaques. Al voltant del part, les prote\u00efnes de fase aguda (com ara l’haptoglobina i la prote\u00efna amiloide s\u00e8rica) augmenten considerablement, indicant inflamaci\u00f3, lesi\u00f3 tissular i conseq\u00fcentment dolor. A m\u00e9s, els parts dist\u00f2cics poden causar no nom\u00e9s dolor intens a la mare, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 al vedell.<\/p>\n

El part tamb\u00e9 genera resposta fisiol\u00f2gica d’estr\u00e8s per dos motius. En primer lloc, perqu\u00e8 el dolor sempre va acompanyat d’una resposta d’estr\u00e8s i, en segon lloc, perqu\u00e8 totes les situacions noves o poc freq\u00fcents poden desencadenar estr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n

El dolor i l’estr\u00e8s causats pel part no s\u00f3n importants nom\u00e9s pels seus efectes negatius sobre el benestar, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 poden tenir conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies productives importants ja que inhibeixen l’alliberament d’oxitocina i poden disminuir les contraccions del miometri i endarrerir l’ejecci\u00f3 del calostre.<\/p>\n

Parts dist\u00f2cics<\/h2>\n

A les vaques, el part dura normalment entre 30 minuts i 4 hores des de l’aparici\u00f3 de l’amni a la vulva fins a l’expulsi\u00f3 del vedell. Els parts dist\u00f2cics s\u00f3n aquells que es prolonguen excessivament o que requereixen una extracci\u00f3 assistida severa del fetus.
\nLes dues principals causes de dist\u00f2cia en vaques s\u00f3n la desproporci\u00f3 entre la mida del fetus i el di\u00e0metre de la pelvis (m\u00e9s com\u00fa en vaques prim\u00edpares) i la mala presentaci\u00f3 fetal (m\u00e9s com\u00fa en vaques mult\u00edpares). Diversos aspectes com l’alimentaci\u00f3 de la mare o la ra\u00e7a del mascle modifiquen el risc de dist\u00f2cia.
\nEn general, la taxa de dist\u00f2cia \u00e9s m\u00e9s gran en prim\u00edpares que en mult\u00edpares i s’accepta que les prim\u00edpares tenen parts m\u00e9s dolorosos i estressants que les mult\u00edpares. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s degut no \u00fanicament a la manca d’experi\u00e8ncia de les femelles primerenques, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 al fet que les prim\u00edpares solen tenir parts m\u00e9s llargs que les mult\u00edpares, amb una resposta inflamat\u00f2ria m\u00e9s pronunciada i una recuperaci\u00f3 postpart m\u00e9s lenta.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Part dist\u00f2cic a causa d’una desproporci\u00f3 entre la mida del fetus i el di\u00e0metre de la pelvis<\/p><\/div>\n


\n\u00abLa dist\u00f2cia \u00e9s un part dif\u00edcil resultant d’un part natural perllongat o una extracci\u00f3 assistida perllongada o greu i est\u00e0 associada amb nivells de dolor inacceptables\u00bb<\/em>
\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Canvis de comportament al part<\/h3>\n

\u00c9s important con\u00e8ixer els canvis de comportament normals durant el part per poder identificar parts problem\u00e0tics. S’ha de considerar la possibilitat d’un part dist\u00f2cic si alguna fase del part s’allarga excessivament, apareixen conductes que no s\u00f3n pr\u00f2pies de la fase corresponent o es produeixen canvis a la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de les conductes que s\u00ed que s\u00f3n normals. En aquests casos, es recomana augmentar la supervisi\u00f3 i\/o intervenir en el proc\u00e9s del part.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\n

Fase I <\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Fase II<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Descripci\u00f3<\/strong><\/td>\nDes de la dilataci\u00f3 del coll uter\u00ed fins a l’expulsi\u00f3 del l\u00edquid amni\u00f2tic<\/td>\nDes de l’expulsi\u00f3 del l\u00edquid amni\u00f2tic fins a l’expulsi\u00f3 del fetus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Durada aproximada<\/strong><\/td>\n4 hores<\/td>\n60 -100 minuts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Comportaments normals<\/strong><\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • Disminuci\u00f3 del consum d’aliment i de la rumia<\/li>\n
  • Inquietud<\/li>\n
  • Canvis freq\u00fcents de postura<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    La vaca mira els seus propis flancs, dona patada, furga el terra i aixeca i arqueja la cua<\/td>\n

La vaca roman estirada en dec\u00fabit lateral o en posici\u00f3 de rep\u00f2s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Contraccions<\/strong><\/td>\nUterines<\/p>\n

Abdominals (inicialment irregulars; al final, cada 15 minuts perllongant-se 20 segons cadascuna)<\/td>\n

Abdominals (regulars cada 3 minuts perllongant-se 30 minuts cadascuna)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Caracter\u00edstiques t\u00edpiques d’un part normal a la vaca: fases I i II <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\nLa fase I comen\u00e7a de manera molt gradual, de manera que sovint \u00e9s dif\u00edcil de determinar en quin moment exacte comen\u00e7a. Una reducci\u00f3 molt dr\u00e0stica del consum \u00e9s un indicador de dist\u00f2cia i de l’aparici\u00f3 de problemes durant el postpart, com ara retenci\u00f3 de placenta, metritis o cetosi. A m\u00e9s, l’augment de freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d’algunes conductes com canviar de postura, donar patades, furgar el terra o rascar-se contra la paret, tamb\u00e9 s\u00f3n indicadors de dist\u00f2cia.<\/p>\n

A la fase II, la vaca interromp sovint les contraccions abdominals per descansar. En els parts dist\u00f2cics, un percentatge elevat de vaques s’aixeca abans que s’acabi aquesta fase.<\/p>\n

A la fase III (des de l’expulsi\u00f3 del fetus fins a l’expulsi\u00f3 de la placenta), la vaca comen\u00e7a a llepar la cria. En aquest cas, el comportament del nounat reflecteix el grau de dificultat del part ja que despr\u00e9s d’un part dif\u00edcil els vedells triguen m\u00e9s a aixecar-se i comencen a mamar m\u00e9s tard en comparaci\u00f3 dels vedells que han nascut en un part normal.<\/p>\n

Recomanacions de maneig<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u00c9s aconsellable minimitzar les situacions d’estr\u00e8s cr\u00f2nic com ara la compet\u00e8ncia pel menjar, per beure o lloc per jeure i descansar. Idealment, els corrals prepart han de tenir una zona de descans d’11m2\/vaca i una zona de menjar que permeti que totes les vaques menjin al mateix temps (m\u00ednim 0,76 m de menjadora lineal\/vaca). A m\u00e9s, cal la pres\u00e8ncia de com a m\u00ednim dos punts d’aigua a cada corral.<\/li>\n
  2. Des que s’inicia la fase I del part, es recomana observar la vaca una vegada cada hora. \u00danicament cal intervenir si alguna de les fases del part s’allarga excessivament i\/o s’observa algun comportament at\u00edpic o amb una freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia anormal.<\/li>\n
  3. \u00c9s convenient disposar de corrals individuals de part de manera que les vaques allotjades hi puguin tenir contacte visual amb altres vaques. Aix\u00f2 permet una supervisi\u00f3 efica\u00e7 dels parts i alhora una bona expressi\u00f3 del comportament maternal de la vaca acabada de parir. La superf\u00edcie dels corrals individuals hauria de ser de 12m2 com a m\u00ednim, amb ja\u00e7 de palla o sorra i unes bones condicions higi\u00e8niques.<\/li>\n
  4. Si s’utilitzen corrals de part col\u00b7lectius, el nombre de vaques per corral no hauria de ser superior a trenta i \u00e9s convenient que hi hagi la possibilitat de separar la vaca que est\u00e0 parint mantenint-la dins del mateix corral col\u00b7lectiu.<\/li>\n
  5. \u00c9s convenient que la vaca lllepi i ingereixi el l\u00edquid amni\u00f2tic del vedell, no nom\u00e9s perqu\u00e8 aquesta conducta augmenta el vigor del vedell, sin\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 a m\u00e9s contribueix a reduir el dolor causat pel part a la mare. Aquest efecte \u00e9s degut a l’exist\u00e8ncia al l\u00edquid amni\u00f2tic de diverses mol\u00e8cules que potencien l’acci\u00f3 analg\u00e8sica dels opioides end\u00f2gens.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Tractament despr\u00e9s del part<\/h3>\n

    En cas de ces\u00e0ria o dist\u00f2cia es recomana utilitzar antiinflamatoris no estero\u00efdals (AINEs), alfa-2-agonistes (tal com la xilacina) i\/o anest\u00e8sia local (proca\u00efna o lidoca\u00efna). En cas de parts eut\u00f2cics, l’administraci\u00f3 d’un AINE despr\u00e9s del part pot reduir el dolor i la inflamaci\u00f3, millorar la salut i el benestar i ajudar a mantenir o millorar la fertilitat i la producci\u00f3 de llet. Tot i aix\u00f2, la informaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica sobre l’impacte de l’analg\u00e8sia despr\u00e9s del part en vaques \u00e9s limitada i sovint contradict\u00f2ria.<\/p>\n

    Resum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    El part \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s dolor\u00f3s i estressant especialment en vaques prim\u00edpares i\/o en el cas de parts dist\u00f2cics. \u00c9s aconsellable con\u00e8ixer els comportaments t\u00edpics de cadascuna de les fases del part per identificar parts potencialment problem\u00e0tics. Durant el peripart cal evitar al m\u00e0xim la compet\u00e8ncia entre vaques i, a m\u00e9s, cal considerar la conveni\u00e8ncia d’utilitzar tractaments pal\u00b7liatius del dolor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \n

    Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Cook NB and Nordlund KV 2004 Behavioral needs of the transition cow and considerations for special needs facility design Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 20:495-520.<\/li>\n
    • Mainau E and Manteca X 2011 Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135: 241-251.<\/li>\n
    • Mee JF 2004 Managing the dairy cow at calving time Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 20: 521-546.<\/li>\n
    • Mee JF 2008 Prevalence and risk factors for dystocia in dairy cattle: a review Veterinary Journal 176:93-101.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      El part normal o eut\u00f2cic suposa un risc tant per a la mare com per al vedell nounat, i aquest risc augmenta en parts dif\u00edcils o dist\u00f2cics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1478,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"\nBenestar de les vaques de llet durant el peripart - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/benestar-de-les-vaques-de-llet-durant-el-peripart\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Benestar de les vaques de llet durant el peripart - 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