{"id":2685,"date":"2015-05-30T09:20:29","date_gmt":"2015-05-30T08:20:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/efecte-de-lestres-per-calor-en-vaques-de-llet-una-visio-practica\/"},"modified":"2024-04-06T14:37:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:37:56","slug":"efecte-de-lestres-per-calor-en-vaques-de-llet-una-visio-practica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/efecte-de-lestres-per-calor-en-vaques-de-llet-una-visio-practica\/","title":{"rendered":"Efecte de l’estr\u00e8s per calor en vaques de llet: una visi\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00e9borah Temple, Fernando Bargo, Eva Mainau, Ignacio Ipharraguerre, Xavier Manteca<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a>
\nDescarregar PDF <\/a><\/p>\n

L’estr\u00e8s per calor \u00e9s un dels desafiaments m\u00e9s grans<\/strong> a qu\u00e8 s’enfronten els productors de bov\u00ed lleter a moltes regions del m\u00f3n. L’estr\u00e8s per calor redueix el consum d’aliment i la quantitat i la qualitat de llet produ\u00efda per les vaques, a m\u00e9s de tenir efectes negatius sobre la reproducci\u00f3. En aquest document es descriuen els efectes negatius de l’estr\u00e8s per calor sobre la producci\u00f3 i el benestar de les vaques de llet, aix\u00ed com algunes de les estrat\u00e8gies que es poden fer servir per reduir aquests efectes. D’altra banda, i a t\u00edtol d’exemple, es presenta el cas del grup argent\u00ed Chiavassa<\/strong>, que ha implementat amb \u00e8xit un sistema per combatre l’estr\u00e8s per calor en una explotaci\u00f3 de 1000 vaques lleteres.<\/p>\n

Impacte econ\u00f2mic<\/h2>\n

S’estima que fins a un 10% de la variabilitat en la producci\u00f3<\/strong> de llet \u00e9s conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de factors clim\u00e0tics com ara la temperatura. La disminuci\u00f3 de la producci\u00f3 de llet en situacions d’estr\u00e8s per calor \u00e9s perqu\u00e8 el consum d’aliment disminueix, mentre que les necessitats d’energia de l’animal augmenten. A m\u00e9s, l’estr\u00e8s per calor redueix la concentraci\u00f3 de prote\u00efna i greix de la llet, inhibeix la conducta de rumia i causa immunodepressi\u00f3, augmentant per tant la incid\u00e8ncia d’algunes malalties. Finalment, l’estr\u00e8s per calor redueix dr\u00e0sticament els \u00edndexs reproductius, ja que en disminuir la s\u00edntesi i l’alliberament de les hormones LH i GnRH inhibeix l’ovulaci\u00f3 i l’expressi\u00f3 de la conducta de zel.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s l’estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic?<\/h2>\n

La sensaci\u00f3 de calor que experimenta un animal no dep\u00e8n nom\u00e9s de la temperatura ambient, sin\u00f3 de l’anomenada temperatura efectiva<\/strong>. Aquesta resulta de la interacci\u00f3 de diversos factors, especialment la temperatura ambient, la humitat relativa, la ventilaci\u00f3 i la radiaci\u00f3 solar. L’\u00edndex de temperatura i humitat (ITH)<\/strong> s’utilitza sovint en vaques de llet per estimar la temperatura efectiva i s’obt\u00e9, tal com indica el nom, a partir de la temperatura ambient i la humitat relativa. Tradicionalment, s’ha considerat que quan l’ITH \u00e9s superior a 72, les vaques comencen a patir estr\u00e8s per calor. Estudis recents suggereixen que fins i tot amb un ITH inferior a 72 algunes vaques -especialment les d’alta producci\u00f3- es poden veure afectades negativament. En qualsevol cas, la combinaci\u00f3 de temperatures i humitats relatives altes \u00e9s especialment problem\u00e0tica.<\/p>\n

Els efectes de l’estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic depenen a m\u00e9s de la ra\u00e7a, del nivell de producci\u00f3, la quantitat i la qualitat de l’aliment, l’estat de salut i la hidrataci\u00f3 de l’animal.<\/strong> Aix\u00ed, per exemple, una vaca d’alta producci\u00f3 (m\u00e9s de 30 kg\/dia) genera un 48% m\u00e9s de calor que una vaca seca, cosa que augmenta el risc d’estr\u00e8s per calor. Les vaques al comen\u00e7ament de la lactaci\u00f3 s\u00f3n particularment sensibles als efectes de les altes temperatures. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s degut tant a l’elevada producci\u00f3 de llet com a l’augment del consum d’aliment.<\/p>\n

Com es pot reduir l’estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic?<\/h3>\n

L’efecte de l’estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic sobre la producci\u00f3 lletera s’ha de minimitzar combinant estrat\u00e8gies que tinguin un cost d’inversi\u00f3 baix<\/strong> i que siguin factibles<\/strong> en termes de maneig i m\u00e0 d’obra suplement\u00e0ria.<\/p>\n

Les estrat\u00e8gies per combatre l’estr\u00e8s per calor inclouen proporcionar ombra als animals, modificar l’alimentaci\u00f3, optimitzar el consum d’aigua i utilitzar sistemes de ventilaci\u00f3 i aspersors amb fines part\u00edcules d’aigua.<\/p>\n

S’estima que la calor generada en els processos de digesti\u00f3 augmenta fins a un 20% la calor basal. Per aix\u00f2, i tal com hem esmentat, un dels efectes principals de les altes temperatures \u00e9s la reducci\u00f3 de la ingesta d’aliment. Algunes estrat\u00e8gies per reduir els efectes de l’estr\u00e8s per calor s\u00f3n (1) augmentar l’aportaci\u00f3 de greix per incrementar la densitat energ\u00e8tica de la raci\u00f3, (2) evitar un contingut excessiu de prote\u00efna total i de prote\u00efna degradable, (3) augmentar la digestibilitat de la fibra, sobretot en dietes d’alt contingut energ\u00e8tic, i (4) distribuir l’aliment a primera i \u00faltima hora del dia. Alguns autors destaquen l’efecte dels cultius f\u00fangics sobre la temperatura corporal i el ritme respiratori quan s’administren en per\u00edodes de clima c\u00e0lid<\/p>\n

Quan la temperatura ambient supera els 25\u00baC, la p\u00e8rdua de calor per convecci\u00f3 es redueix notablement i la dissipaci\u00f3 de calor dep\u00e8n principalment de l’evaporaci\u00f3 de l’aigua des de la pell i la mucosa respirat\u00f2ria. Per tant, l’augment de la productivitat en climes c\u00e0lids dependr\u00e0 sobretot de la mesura que es pot optimitzar la p\u00e8rdua de calor des de la superf\u00edcie corporal dels animals. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Cas pr\u00e0ctic: granja chiavassa<\/h3>\n

El 2014, el Grup Chiavassa, a Argentina, va implementar amb \u00e8xit una estrat\u00e8gia per atenuar l’estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic: refrescar les vaques amb sis banys diaris mitjan\u00e7ant un sistema d’aspersi\u00f3 amb aigua. Els beneficis d’aquesta pr\u00e0ctica sobre la producci\u00f3 de llet i l’efici\u00e8ncia de conversi\u00f3 van ser molt pronunciats.<\/p>\n

La lleteria del Grup Chiavassa, ubicada a la prov\u00edncia de Santa Fe a Argentina, muny aproximadament 1000 vaques Holstein en un sistema confinat amb dieta TMR, amb un lot de 300 vaques d’alta producci\u00f3. info-12<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

La mesura de maneig per minimitzar l’estr\u00e8s per calor va consistir a refrescar les vaques al corral d’espera sis vegades cada dia durant un per\u00edode de 45 minuts cada vegada. Tres de les sis sessions de refredament tenien lloc abans de cada una de les tres munyides di\u00e0ries. A m\u00e9s, les vaques eren portades a la sala d’espera tres vegades m\u00e9s cada dia amb l’\u00fanic prop\u00f2sit de ser refrescades. Segons Flamenbaum i col. (1986), l’\u00fanica manera de garantir un efecte positiu sobre els \u00edndexs productius i reproductius \u00e9s mantenir la temperatura corporal de les vaques per sota dels 39\u00baC les 24 hores del dia mitjan\u00e7ant diversos refredaments diaris. Sembla que, en dies molt calorosos, no n’hi ha prou de refrescar les vaques nom\u00e9s abans de la munyida.<\/p>\n

Aplicant aquesta estrat\u00e8gia, el grup Chiavassa va aconseguir mantenir la producci\u00f3 de llet sense que es vei\u00e9s afectada per les altes temperatures, tal com es pot observar a la gr\u00e0fica.
\n 
\n

\"

Vaques de la granja del grup Chiavassa al pati de lactaci\u00f3<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

\u00abPer cada unitat d’ITH (\u00edndex de temperatura humitat) per sobre de 72, la producci\u00f3 de llet disminueix en 0,2 kg per vaca i dia\u00bb<\/em><\/strong>< \/h3><\/p>\n

Resum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
L’estr\u00e8s per calor \u00e9s un dels reptes m\u00e9s grans als quals s’enfronten els productors de bov\u00ed lleter. L’efecte de l’estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic sobre la producci\u00f3 lletera s’ha de minimitzar combinant estrat\u00e8gies que tinguin un cost d’inversi\u00f3 baix i que siguin factibles en termes de maneig i m\u00e0 d’obra suplement\u00e0ria. El grup argent\u00ed Chiavassa va implementar amb \u00e8xit una estrat\u00e8gia per atenuar l’estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n

Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Berman A, 1971. Thermoregulation in intensively lactating cows in near natural conditions. The Journal of Physiology, 215:477<\/li>\n
  • Flamenbaum I, Wolfenson ID, Mamen M, Berman A, 1986. Cooling Dairy Cattle by a Combination of Sprinkling and Forced Ventilation and Its Implementation in the Shelter System. Journal of Dairy Science, 69:3140-3147<\/li>\n
  • Ravagnolo O and I Misztal 2000. Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, parameter estimation. Journal of Dairy Science, 83:2126\u20132130<\/li>\n
  • West JW. 2003. Effects of Heat-Stress on Production in Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 86:2131\u20132144<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    L’estr\u00e8s per calor \u00e9s un dels desafiaments m\u00e9s grans<\/strong> a qu\u00e8 s’enfronten els productors de bov\u00ed lleter a moltes regions del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1507,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"\nEfecte de l'estr\u00e8s per calor en vaques de llet: una visi\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/efecte-de-lestres-per-calor-en-vaques-de-llet-una-visio-practica\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Efecte de l'estr\u00e8s per calor en vaques de llet: una visi\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica - 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