{"id":2702,"date":"2016-01-30T09:32:05","date_gmt":"2016-01-30T08:32:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/conducta-de-descans-i-eficiencia-productiva-de-les-vaques-de-llet-una-visio-practica\/"},"modified":"2024-04-06T14:37:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:37:55","slug":"conducta-de-descans-i-eficiencia-productiva-de-les-vaques-de-llet-una-visio-practica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/conducta-de-descans-i-eficiencia-productiva-de-les-vaques-de-llet-una-visio-practica\/","title":{"rendered":"Conducta de descans i efici\u00e8ncia productiva de les vaques de llet: una visi\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00e9borah Temple, Fernando Bargo, Eva Mainau, Ignacio Ipharraguerre, Xavier Manteca<\/strong>
\nDescarregar PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

La conducta de descans \u00e9s molt important per a les vaques de llet i la manca de descans i de son tenen un impacte negatiu molt pronunciat sobre la producci\u00f3 i el benestar de les vaques lleteres. Les instal\u00b7lacions tenen un efecte substancial en la conducta de descans, la salut i el rendiment de les vaques lleteres. D’altra banda, cada sistema d’allotjament t\u00e9 avantatges i desavantatges en termes de benestar; en aquesta fitxa t\u00e8cnica es presenta el cas del grup Chiavassa a Argentina, que ha implementat amb \u00e8xit un sistema de ja\u00e7 de tipus compost a la seva granja, millorant l’efici\u00e8ncia productiva de les vaques.<\/p>\n

Import\u00e0ncia de la conducta de descans<\/h2>\n

Les vaques lleteres han de descansar durant aproximadament 10-12 hores al dia i la conducta de descans \u00e9s fins i tot m\u00e9s important per a les vaques que la conducta d’alimentaci\u00f3 i interaccionar amb altres vaques. El temps que les vaques dediquen al descans \u00e9s important, ja que la reducci\u00f3 del temps que romanen ajagudes pot afectar tant la producci\u00f3 com el benestar. Quan est\u00e0 ajaguda, una vaca optimitza la rumia i produeix m\u00e9s saliva, reduint aix\u00ed el risc d’acidosi ruminal. Aix\u00ed mateix, l’aportaci\u00f3 de sang al braguer \u00e9s m\u00e9s gran en una vaca ajaguda (al voltant de 5 L\/min) que en una vaca de peu (al voltant de 3L\/min); aix\u00f2 millora la funci\u00f3 del braguer i augmenta la producci\u00f3 de llet. Quan una vaca est\u00e0 massa temps dreta, la pressi\u00f3 dins de la c\u00e0psula de la pe\u00fclla augmenta i aix\u00f2 produeix hip\u00f2xia (reducci\u00f3 del subministrament d’oxigen) i isqu\u00e8mia (flux sanguini restringit) augmentant el risc de coixeses. D’altra banda, la compet\u00e8ncia per un lloc c\u00f2mode per descansar pot desencadenar conflictes entre les vaques, cosa que pot causar estr\u00e8s cr\u00f2nic i augmentar el risc de malalties i problemes reproductius.<\/p>\n

S’utilitzen diversos indicadors de comportament per avaluar el confort de les vaques, incloent-hi el temps total que romanen ajagudes, la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia amb qu\u00e8 es s’ajeuen i la durada de cada episodi de descans. Quan les vaques estan c\u00f2modes, el temps total de descans augmenta i a m\u00e9s cada episodi de descans dura menys temps, ja que les vaques prefereixen aixecar-se i despla\u00e7ar-se m\u00e9s sovint. Per contra, quan les vaques no estan c\u00f2modes, prefereixen romandre de peu per el dolor associat cada vegades que s’ajeuen o es posen de peu . A m\u00e9s, en aquests casos a on el lloc on descansen no est\u00e0 b\u00e9, tamb\u00e9 augmenta el nombre de vaques estirades parcialment o totalment fora de la zona de descans (per exemple, al passad\u00eds). Finalment, en granges amb cubicles inadequats augmenta el nombre de vaques que realitzen la conducta anomenada \u00abperching\u00bb, que consisteix que la vaca t\u00e9 les dues potes davanteres a sobre del cubicle i les dues del darrere al passad\u00eds.<\/p>\n

El somni<\/h2>\n

Les vaques adultes dormen durant aproximadament 4 hores al dia, sobretot durant la nit. El somni, especialment el somni REM (de l’angl\u00e8s \u00abrapid eye movement\u00bb), passa amb m\u00e9s freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia quan la vaca est\u00e0 descansant amb el coll relaxat i el cap recolzat al seu flanc. Quan les vaques estan correctament adaptades al seu entorn no dormen mai de peu si no que dormen quan estan ajagudes. Una disminuci\u00f3 del temps total de descans a causa de males condicions d’allotjament afectar\u00e0 el son i, alhora, la manca de son pot alterar el sistema endocr\u00ed, augmentar la despesa energ\u00e8tica i perjudicar la funci\u00f3 immune.<\/p>\n

Vaca adoptant la t\u00edpica postura de son REM a la granja Chiavassa.<\/p><\/div>\n

Principals problemes de benestar relacionats amb l’allotjament<\/h2>\n

L\u00b4allotjament t\u00e9 un impacte substancial sobre la conducta de descans, la salut i el rendiment de les vaques lleteres. No hi ha un sistema d’allotjament perfecte en termes de benestar animal, ja que el maneig a cada explotaci\u00f3 t\u00e9 un efecte molt m\u00e9s important que el sistema d’allotjament en si mateix.<\/p>\n

L’estabulaci\u00f3 lliure en cubicles \u00e9s el sistema m\u00e9s com\u00fa. Els cubicles varien en gran mesura en termes de disseny, tipus de llit i qualitat del terra. Les dimensions dels cubicles no sempre s’ajusten a la mida corporal o al pes de les vaques i uns cubicles mal dimensionats fan que algunes vaques es quedin dretes fent \u00abperching\u00bb i d’altres s’estirin fora de la zona de descans. Els cubicles inc\u00f2modes redueixen el temps que les vaques descansen perqu\u00e8 no poden posar-se en postures per descansar correctament. Aix\u00f2 altera els patrons de son i t\u00e9 un impacte negatiu sobre la producci\u00f3. La seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia normal de moviments que realitzen les vaques per jeure i despr\u00e8s per aixecar-se resulta molt m\u00e9s f\u00e0cil quan els cubicles estan correctament dissenyats i tenen un llit tou. Les superf\u00edcies toves redueixen la incid\u00e8ncia d’inflamacions a les articulacions del carp, ja que les vaques s’aixequen recolzant el pes del cos sobre les potes davanteres. Un llit dur i uns terres abrasius i relliscosos augmenten el risc de lesions i coixeses.<\/p>\n

L’estabulaci\u00f3 lliure sobre ja\u00e7 de palla o de compost nom\u00e9s es fa servir en un nombre relativament petit de granges a Europa, per\u00f2 la seva popularitat va en augment. Els indicadors de comportament relacionats amb la conducta de descans suggereixen que les vaques estan m\u00e9s c\u00f2modes en aquests sistemes. Aix\u00ed mateix, aquests sistemes redueixen la incid\u00e8ncia de lesions de les potes. D’altra banda, per\u00f2, aquests sistemes requereixen un maneig intensiu i comporten un augment dels costos de producci\u00f3 deguts al material que s’utilitza com a ja\u00e7. A m\u00e9s, les vaques solen estar m\u00e9s brutes en aquests sistemes en comparaci\u00f3 amb els sistemes m\u00e9s convencionals. La neteja tant del terra com de les vaques \u00e9s important no nom\u00e9s perqu\u00e8 prefereixen descansar sobre un terra net, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 perqu\u00e8 la brut\u00edcia augmenta el risc d’infeccions i de coixeses. En efecte, la brut\u00edcia estova l’estoig corni de les pe\u00fclles, augmentant el risc de lesions i danya la pell de l’espai interdigital, exposant els teixits m\u00e9s profunds als microorganismes.<\/p>\n

\u00abGarantir una conducta de descans adequada augmenta l’efici\u00e8ncia productiva\u00bb<\/strong><\/em>< \/h3><\/p>\n

Cas pr\u00e0ctic – Granja Chiavassa <\/h2>\n

La lleteria del Grup Chiavassa, ubicada a la prov\u00edncia de Santa Fe a Argentina, muny aproximadament 1000 vaques Holstein en un sistema indoor amb dieta TMR, amb un lot de 300 vaques d’alta producci\u00f3. Cada dia s’estima el consum real de mat\u00e8ria seca a cada corral, calculant la difer\u00e8ncia entre l’aliment ofert i el rebutjat.<\/p>\n

Des del 2014 la lleteria Chiavassa disposa d’una instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 amb ja\u00e7 de tipus compost (\u00abcompost barn\u00bb) per al lot de vaques d’alta producci\u00f3. Les vaques s’allotjaven pr\u00e8viament a un sistema obert sobre terra. \u00c9s important recordar que per a un bon funcionament, el compost requereix un maneig diari molt cur\u00f3s. A m\u00e9s, les vaques han de disposar d’espai suficient.<\/p>\n

Durant els 3 mesos posteriors al canvi d’instal\u00b7lacions, les vaques d’alta producci\u00f3 van augmentar un 30% l’efici\u00e8ncia de conversi\u00f3 (1,80 vs. 1,40 litres\/kg MS) sense que el consum de mat\u00e8ria seca (27,5 kg \/dia) es modificar\u00e0 de forma significativa. En altres paraules, consumint la mateixa quantitat d’aliment, les vaques allotjades a les noves instal\u00b7lacions de ja\u00e7 amb compost van produir 49 litres\/dia en lloc de 39 litres\/dia. Pel que fa a l’impacte econ\u00f2mic, l’augment de litres lliures d’alimentaci\u00f3 va ser del 36% (38,5 vs. 28,3 litres\/dia) (veure Taula).<\/p>\n

Canvis en l’efici\u00e8ncia, el consum i la producci\u00f3 en vaques d’alta producci\u00f3 en passar de les instal\u00b7lacions antigues sobre terra a unes instal\u00b7lacions noves amb ja\u00e7 de compost.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n<\/td>\n\n

Installacions antigues<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Installacions noves amb ja\u00e7 compost<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Canvi<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Efici\u00e8ncia de conversi\u00f3 (L\/kg MS)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1,40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

1,80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+ 29%<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Consum de materia seca (kg\/d\u00eda)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27,7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27,2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

– 2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Producci\u00f3 de llet (L\/dia)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

38,7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

48,7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+ 26%<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Llitres lliures de alimentaci\u00f3 (L\/d\u00eda)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

28,3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

38,5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

+ 36%<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Resum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Les vaques lleteres tenen una motivaci\u00f3 molt alta per descansar durant aproximadament 10-12 h al dia. Unes instal\u00b7lacions confortables resulten en un augment tant del temps que les vaques romanen ajagudes com del temps de son, cosa que t\u00e9 un efecte positiu sobre la producci\u00f3. L’experi\u00e8ncia del grup Chiavassa demostra que invertir per millorar el benestar de les vaques t\u00e9 un impacte positiu en els resultats econ\u00f2mics a causa d’una millora significativa de l’efici\u00e8ncia de conversi\u00f3 d’aliments en llet. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n

Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
  • Grupo Chiavassa – grupochiavassa.com\/web<\/a><\/li>\n
  • Cook NB, Nordlund KV 2009. The influence of the environment on dairy cow behavior, claw health and herd lameness dynamics. Veterinary Journal 179: 360-369.<\/li>\n
  • EFSA 2009 Effects of farming systems on dairy cow welfare and disease Report of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. Scientific report of EFSA prepared by the Animal Health and Animal Welfare Unit on the effects of farming systems on dairy cow welfare and disease. Annex to the EFSA Journal 1143: 1-7.<\/li>\n
  • Endres MI, Barberg AE 2007. Behavior of dairy cows in an alternative beddedpack housing system. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 4192-4200.<\/li>\n
  • Munksgaard L, Jensen MB, Pedersen LJ, Hansen SW, Matthews L 2005. Quantifying behavioural priorities – Effects of time constraints on behaviour of dairy cows, Bos taurus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 92: 3-14.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    La conducta de descans \u00e9s molt important per a les vaques de llet i la manca de descans i de son tenen un impacte negatiu molt pronunciat sobre la producci\u00f3 i el benestar de les vaques lleteres.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1511,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2702","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"\nConducta de descans i efici\u00e8ncia productiva de les vaques de llet: una visi\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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