{"id":2714,"date":"2015-06-01T03:44:50","date_gmt":"2015-06-01T02:44:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/problemes-de-benestar-durant-el-periode-sec-en-vaques-de-llet\/"},"modified":"2024-04-06T14:37:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:37:55","slug":"problemes-de-benestar-durant-el-periode-sec-en-vaques-de-llet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/problemes-de-benestar-durant-el-periode-sec-en-vaques-de-llet\/","title":{"rendered":"Problemes de benestar durant el per\u00edode sec en vaques de llet"},"content":{"rendered":"

Xavier Manteca, Eva Mainau, D\u00e9borah Temple<\/strong>
\nM\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a>
\nDescarregar PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

El per\u00edode sec \u00e9s cr\u00edtic per al benestar de les vaques de llet i la seva producci\u00f3 per la seg\u00fcent lactaci\u00f3. Els principals problemes de benestar durant el per\u00edode sec s\u00f3n l’augment del risc d’infeccions<\/strong> intramam\u00e0ries, la incomoditat i el dolor<\/strong> causats per l’acumulaci\u00f3 de llet al braguer, la restricci\u00f3 de menjar i aigua, i les interaccions agressives entre vaques. La figura seg\u00fcent resumeix alguns d’aquests problemes.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Augment del risc d’infeccions intramam\u00e0ries<\/h2>\n

Diversos estudis han demostrat que m\u00e9s del 60% de les noves infeccions intramam\u00e0ries es produeixen durant el per\u00edode sec i la gran majoria estan causades per pat\u00f2gens ambientals. Dins del per\u00edode sec hi ha dos moments en qu\u00e8 el risc de patir noves infeccions intramam\u00e0ries \u00e9s particularment elevat: poc despr\u00e9s del secatge i just abans del part.<\/p>\n

Hi ha diversos factors que contribueixen a un risc m\u00e9s gran d’infeccions intramam\u00e0ries immediatament despr\u00e9s del secarge, incloent-hi el fet que, en no munyir-se a les vaques, els bacteris del canal del mugr\u00f3 ja no s\u00f3n expulsats regularment i s’interromp la desinfecci\u00f3 dels mugrons. La congesti\u00f3 de la mamella <\/strong>deguda a la interrupci\u00f3 brusca de la munyida i la conseg\u00fcent acumulaci\u00f3 de llet (veure m\u00e9s endavant) pot causar degoteig de llet i endarrerir la formaci\u00f3 del tap de queratina, de manera que el canal del mugr\u00f3 s’eixampla i s’escur\u00e7a. A m\u00e9s, la llet \u00e9s un substrat ideal per al creixement bacteri\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Just abans del part, el risc de patir noves infeccions intramam\u00e0ries augmenta perqu\u00e8 el tap de queratina es trenca, disminueix la funci\u00f3 leucocit\u00e0ria i, en algunes vaques, hi ha goteig de calostre.<\/p>\n

\"

Vaca seca ajaguda sobre un terra brut<\/p><\/div>\n

Les mamitis<\/strong> s\u00f3n un problema de benestar molt important, principalment perqu\u00e8 causen dolor. En efecte, hi ha diversos indicadors de comportament i fisiol\u00f2gics que demostren que totes les mamitis cl\u00edniques s\u00f3n doloroses. Per exemple, quan la vaca est\u00e0 dreta, la dist\u00e0ncia entre els garrons \u00e9s superior a les vaques amb mamitis lleus o moderades que a les vaques sanes, indicant que les vaques modifiquen la postura de les potes del darrere per reduir la pressi\u00f3 sobre el braguer. A m\u00e9s, les vaques amb mamitis lleus o moderades mostren un augment de la sensibilitat a la pressi\u00f3 exercida sobre la pota m\u00e9s propera al quarter\u00f3 afectat, indicant que el llindar del dolor est\u00e0 disminu\u00eft a causa del proc\u00e9s inflamatori.<\/p>\n

Per reduir el risc de patir noves infeccions intramam\u00e0ries \u00e9s especialment important proporcionar a les vaques un lloc adequat per descansar de manera que es puguin mantenir netes, seques i confortables. L’avaluaci\u00f3 de la brut\u00edcia de les vaques pot ser una eina \u00fatil per identificar possibles problemes d’allotjament o maneig que poden comprometre la salut del braguer. Un dels indicadors inclosos al protocol Welfare Quality\u00ae per avaluar el benestar en vaques de llet \u00e9s precisament la brut\u00edcia de les vaques. D’acord amb aquests protocols, la brut\u00edcia s’avalua al braguer i a les extremitats del darrere inferior i superior de les vaques, i es consideren 3 nivells d’afectaci\u00f3: abs\u00e8ncia de problemes, problema moderat i problema greu. Una avaluaci\u00f3 fiable requereix avaluar un nombre m\u00ednim de vaques seques que dependr\u00e0 del nombre de vaques presents a l’explotaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Incomoditat i dolor causats per l’acumulaci\u00f3 de llet al braguer<\/h2>\n

Actualment l’assecat es fa entre 45 i 60 dies abans de la data prevista de part. Al moment de l’assecatge, que consisteix en la interrupci\u00f3 brusca de la munyida, algunes vaques encara produeixen quantitats considerables de llet (en alguns casos, fins a 50 litres per dia). En conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, l’assecatge provoca l’acumulaci\u00f3 de grans quantitats de llet al braguer i la conseg\u00fcent congesti\u00f3, que \u00e9s particularment pronunciada en vaques d’alta producci\u00f3. Aquesta congesti\u00f3 del braguer <\/strong> causa incomoditat i dolor.
\nHi ha dos tipus d’evid\u00e8ncia que demostren que una alta proporci\u00f3 de vaques experimenten dolor al braguer despr\u00e9s de l’assecatge: la conducta de rep\u00f2s i el comportament de la vaca en resposta a la manipulaci\u00f3 del braguer. Les vaques de llet mostren una alta motivaci\u00f3 per estirar-se per descansar durant llargs per\u00edodes de temps i s’ha demostrat que les vaques que s’acaben d’assecar redueixen el temps de rep\u00f2s, segurament per alleujar la pressi\u00f3 sobre el braguer. A m\u00e9s, quan es palpa el braguer poc despr\u00e9s de l’assecatge, moltes vaques mostren signes de dolor. Hi ha evid\u00e8ncies que ens indiquen que entre el 10 i el 20% de les vaques pateixen dolor com a resultat de la congesti\u00f3 del braguer i en el 6% dels animals, el dolor al braguer \u00e9s intens. Si aquests percentatges s’extrapolen al nombre total de vaques de llet presents a la Uni\u00f3 Europea (al voltant de 23 milions de vaques), podem concloure que entre 2,5 i 4,6 milions de vaques experimenten dolor a la mamella a causa de l’assecat.<\/p>\n

Tal com s’ha explicat, en el moment de l’assecatge hi ha m\u00e9s risc d’infeccions intramam\u00e0ries. D’altra banda, l’estr\u00e8s incrementa la susceptibilitat dels animals davant de malalties infeccioses; aix\u00ed doncs, la naturalesa estressant de l’assecatge (que en gran mesura est\u00e0 causat per la congesti\u00f3 i el dolor al braguer) pot augmentar encara m\u00e9s el risc de patir altres problemes de benestar (com per exemple, infeccions intramam\u00e0ries).<\/p>\n

\u00abL’assecat \u00e9s dolor\u00f3s i estressant\u00bb<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n

Acc\u00e9s restringit al menjar i l’aigua<\/h2>\n

La restricci\u00f3 de menjar i especialment d’aigua es fa servir, a a vegades, com un m\u00e8tode per interrompre r\u00e0pidament la producci\u00f3 de llet. La brusca restricci\u00f3 de menjar i aigua s’associa a un augment de cortisol, que \u00e9s un indicador d’estr\u00e8s. D’altra banda, la restricci\u00f3 del consum d’aigua suposa un problema de benestar seri\u00f3s.<\/p>\n

Interaccions agressives i compet\u00e8ncia entre les vaques<\/h2>\n

Quan s’acosta el dia del part, les vaques solen traslladar-se a un corral nou i barrejar-se amb altres vaques. En realitat, la barreja de vaques de lots diferents pot passar diverses vegades durant les \u00faltimes setmanes de gestaci\u00f3. Hi ha diversos estudis que demostren que la barreja de vaques de grups diferents redueix el temps de rumia i augmenta les agressions.<\/p>\n

Cada vaca respon de manera diferent a la reagrupaci\u00f3 i aix\u00f2 pot tenir efectes importants sobre el seu estat de salut despr\u00e9s del part. Per exemple, s’ha demostrat que les vaques que passen menys temps menjant abans del part (i que solen ser animals subordinats) tenen m\u00e9s probabilitats de patir metritis i cetosi despr\u00e9s del part que els animals dominants, que en mengen m\u00e9s. Sembla que aix\u00f2 \u00e9s degut a l’estr\u00e8s que pateixen les vaques subordinades en ser despla\u00e7ades freq\u00fcentment de la menjadora per les dominants. Per tant, oferir prou espai de menjadora podria ser particularment important per reduir els efectes negatius de la compet\u00e8ncia entre vaques.<\/p>\n

Resum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Els principals problemes de benestar durant el per\u00edode sec s\u00f3n un risc m\u00e9s gran de patir infeccions intramam\u00e0ries, el dolor i la incomoditat causats per l’acumulaci\u00f3 de llet al braguer despr\u00e9s de l’assecatge i l’estr\u00e8s a causa de la barreja de vaques procedents de lots diferents i a la compet\u00e8ncia entre vaques. \u00c9s probable que aquests problemes de benestar tinguin efectes negatius sobre la salut i la producci\u00f3 de les vaques. Algunes estrat\u00e8gies importants per millorar el benestar de les vaques durant el per\u00edode sec inclouen proporcionar a les vaques un lloc sec, net i c\u00f2mode per descansar i, en la mesura del possible, evitar la compet\u00e8ncia entre vaques. A m\u00e9s, reduir la congesti\u00f3 del braguer despr\u00e9s de l’assecatge seria molt benefici\u00f3s per reduir la incomoditat, el dolor i el risc de patir noves infeccions intramam\u00e0ries.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n

Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Agen\u00e4s S, Dahlborn K, Holtenius K. Changes in metabolism and milk production during and after feed deprivation in primiparous cows selected for different milk fat content. Livestock Production Science 2003, 83: 153-164.<\/li>\n
  • \nBertulat S, Fischer-Tenhagen C, Suthar V, M\u00f6stl E, Isaka N, Heuwieser W. Measurement of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites and evaluation of udder characteristics to estimate stress after sudden dry-off in dairy cows with different milk yields. Journal of Dairy Science 2013, 96: 3774-3787.<\/li>\n
  • Dingwell RT, Leslie KE, Schukken YH, Sargeant JM, Timms LL, Duffield TF, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Lissemore KD, Conklin J. Association of cow and quarter-level factors at drying-off with new intramammary infections during the dry period. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2004, 63: 75-89.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    El per\u00edode sec \u00e9s cr\u00edtic pel benestar de les vaques de llet i la seva producci\u00f3 durant la lactaci\u00f3 seg\u00fcent.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1518,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2714","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"\nProblemes de benestar durant el per\u00edode sec en vaques de llet - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/problemes-de-benestar-durant-el-periode-sec-en-vaques-de-llet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Problemes de benestar durant el per\u00edode sec en vaques de llet - 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