{"id":2751,"date":"2014-05-01T08:37:32","date_gmt":"2014-05-01T07:37:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/impacte-economic-de-lestres-durant-el-transport-de-porcs\/"},"modified":"2024-04-06T14:37:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:37:56","slug":"impacte-economic-de-lestres-durant-el-transport-de-porcs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/impacte-economic-de-lestres-durant-el-transport-de-porcs\/","title":{"rendered":"Impacte econ\u00f2mic de l’estr\u00e8s durant el transport de porcs"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u00e9borah Temple, Eva Mainau, Xavier Manteca<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a>
\nDescarregar PDF <\/a><\/p>\n

El transport dels animals fins a l’escorxador, malgrat que \u00e9s una fase relativament breu en el proc\u00e9s de producci\u00f3 de carn, pot ocasionar p\u00e8rdues econ\u00f2miques molt importants<\/strong>. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s degut a que durant el transport els animals estan exposats a una gran varietat de factors estressants en un per\u00edode de temps redu\u00eft. <\/strong>L’estr\u00e8s t\u00e9 efectes negatius en la qualitat de la canal i de la carn, i en casos extrems pot produir la mort dels animals. Aix\u00ed doncs, com pitjor \u00e9s el benestar dels animals durant el transport, m\u00e9s grans s\u00f3n les p\u00e8rdues econ\u00f2miques.<\/p>\n

Baixes durant el transport causades per l’estr\u00e8s<\/h2>\n

La taxa de mortalitat \u00e9s un indicador d’una falta extrema de benestar durant el transport. En transports de menys de 8 hores a Europa, la taxa de mortalitat se situa entre el 0,03% i el 0,5%, depenent del pa\u00eds. El 70% de les baixes ocorren al cami\u00f3, mentre que el 30% restant es produeixen durant la desc\u00e0rrega. En un estudi realitzat al Canad\u00e0, es va registrar un 0,08% de porcs morts en arribar a l’escorxador.<\/p>\n

La densitat d’animals durant el transport, el disseny del vehicle i el maneig dels animals durant la c\u00e0rrega i la desc\u00e0rrega t\u00e9 un efecte important sobre el percentatge de baixes. En condicions comercials a Espanya, quan els animals disposen de menys de 0,40 m2\/ 100kg, la taxa de mortalitat augmenta de 0,04% a 0,77%. Segons alguns autors, una densitat de 0,48 m2\/porc d’engreix permet reduir la mortalitat durant el transport. El disseny del vehicle de transport aix\u00ed com el maneig dels animals s\u00f3n molt importants per minimitzar les morts a l’arribada, especialment les relacionades amb l’estr\u00e8s t\u00e8rmic i l’esgotament de l’animal. Per exemple, un vehicle amb a\u00efllament t\u00e8rmic, ventilaci\u00f3 for\u00e7ada, nebulitzaci\u00f3 i rampa hidr\u00e0ulica de c\u00e0rrega permet reduir l’estr\u00e8s del transport. Aix\u00ed mateix, un personal entrenat i competent a l’hora de moure, carregar i descarregar els animals en millora dr\u00e0sticament el benestar i, per tant, el rendiment econ\u00f2mic.<\/p>\n

\"

Vehicle de transport amb rampa hidr\u00e0ulica i ventilaci\u00f3 for\u00e7ada<\/p><\/div>\n

Una de les causes m\u00e9s importants de mortalitat durant el transport \u00e9s la denominada hipert\u00e8rmia maligna o \u00abs\u00edndrome d’estr\u00e8s porc\u00ed\u00bb. La hipert\u00e8rmia maligna \u00e9s conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d’una combinaci\u00f3 de factors ambientals i el genotip dels animals. Entre aquests factors ambientals destaquen l’estr\u00e8s, l’exercici f\u00edsic i la temperatura efectiva. L’estr\u00e8s i l’exercici f\u00edsic intens i for\u00e7at poden provocar un increment de temperatura corporal, una parada card\u00edaca i la mort. Els animals afectats presenten signes molt aparents de dispnea (dificultat respirat\u00f2ria), cianosi (coloraci\u00f3 blava de la pell a causa de problemes circulatoris), hipert\u00e8rmia (augment de la temperatura corporal) i poden desenvolupar rigor als m\u00fasculs abans de la mort. Un factor determinant \u00e9s la temperatura efectiva durant el transport, que dep\u00e8n, entre altres factors, de la temperatura ambiental, la humitat i la ventilaci\u00f3. Aix\u00ed, per exemple, s’aconsella que la temperatura ambiental dins del vehicle no superi els 30 \u00baC. Aix\u00ed mateix, quan la temperatura al vehicle supera els 25\u00baC, la combinaci\u00f3 d’una ventilaci\u00f3 for\u00e7ada amb un sistema de nebulitzaci\u00f3 amb aigua permet reduir significativament les morts.<\/p>\n

La gen\u00e8tica dels animals tamb\u00e9 t\u00e9 un efecte significatiu sobre la taxa de mortalitat i diversos estudis han demostrat que la reducci\u00f3 de la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia del gen halot\u00e0 pot reduir-les durant el transport. El gen halot\u00e0 codifica la s\u00edntesi d’una prote\u00efna muscular, el receptor ryanodina, que participa en el control del transport de calci des del reticle sarcopl\u00e0smic al citoplasma de les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules musculars. Els porcs portadors del gen halot\u00e0 mostren contraccions musculars perllongades quan es veuen obligats a fer exercici, i aquestes contraccions poden causar hipert\u00e8rmia. Per aix\u00f2, els porcs portadors del gen halot\u00e0 presenten un risc m\u00e9s elevat de desenvolupar la s\u00edndrome d’estr\u00e8s porc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Transmissi\u00f3 de malalties<\/h2>\n

L’estr\u00e8s causat pel transport augmenta la susceptibilitat dels animals a patir infeccions. L’alliberament de glucocorticoides i\/o catecolamines en resposta a una situaci\u00f3 d’estr\u00e8s redueix l’efici\u00e8ncia de la resposta immune, cosa que augmenta la probabilitat d’infecci\u00f3. A m\u00e9s, l’estr\u00e8s incrementa la d’emissi\u00f3 d’agents pat\u00f2gens per part d’animals que s\u00f3n portadors subcl\u00ednics. Per exemple, l’estr\u00e8s augmenta l’excreci\u00f3 de pat\u00f2gens intestinals i, com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d’aix\u00f2, augmenta la prevalen\u00e7a d’animals positius a Salmonella spp.<\/em><\/p>\n

Lesions i decomisos<\/h2>\n

Les lesions ocasionades durant el transport poden ser conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de les baralles entre animals, del mal disseny del cami\u00f3 o d’un densitat inadequada. Les lesions a la pell causades per baralles entre els animals estan relacionades amb l’aparici\u00f3 de carns DFD (veure m\u00e9s endavant) i amb un augment en la concentraci\u00f3 de cortisol plasm\u00e0tic (que \u00e9s indicativa d’estr\u00e8s) i de creatinina fosfoquinasa o CPK, que \u00e9s un enzim indicador de dany muscular. La barreja d’animals es podria evitar si els compartiments del cami\u00f3 fossin de mida variable. Les densitats molt elevades (<0,39 m2\/porc) semblen incrementar les baralles entre els animals estirats i els que busquen un espai per fer-se fora. Alhora, la impossibilitat de descansar augmenta l'apinyament dels animals, les baralles i les ferides. D'altra banda, sembla que les densitats molt baixes augmenten el risc de cops quan els animals perden l'equilibri a causa del moviment del cami\u00f3. Les esgarrapades a la pell, els hematomes i les ferides profundes poden ocasionar decomisos parcials de la canal o fins i tot de la canal sencera. Com a m\u00ednim es perd el preu del pes de la pell (uns 4 kg aproximadament) i segons el dest\u00ed final de la pe\u00e7a, com el pernil, el producte perd encara molt m\u00e9s valor. \n\n\n\n

Qualitat de la carn<\/h2>\n

Les principals alteracions que es poden observar en la qualitat de la carn s\u00f3n les anomenades carns PSE i carns DFD. Ambdues alteracions estan relacionades amb el pH de la carn i el contingut de glucogen muscular \u2013a partir del qual es forma \u00e0cid l\u00e0ctic\u2013 en el moment del sacrifici.<\/p>\n

Les carns PSE (de l’angl\u00e8s, Pale, Solft, Exudative)<\/em> es caracteritzen per una disminuci\u00f3 del pH m\u00e9s r\u00e0pida del normal. Un estr\u00e8s intens immediatament abans del sacrifici – per exemple, en descarregar els animals, manejar-los bruscament o barrejar-los amb animals desconeguts als corrals d’espera – fa que la producci\u00f3 d’\u00e0cid l\u00e0ctic sigui massa r\u00e0pida, cosa que d\u00f3na lloc a un pH anormalment baix amb una temperatura de la carn encara alta. La desnaturalitzaci\u00f3 proteica \u00e9s aleshores excessiva, apareixent carns m\u00e9s p\u00e0l\u00b7lides i toves del normal, i amb una exsudaci\u00f3 excessiva. Les carns PSE tenen menys valor que les carns normals i en casos extrems s’han de rebutjar.<\/p>\n

Les carns DFD (de l’angl\u00e8s, Dark, Firm, Dry) es caracteritzen per un pH final superior al normal. Les carns DFD apareixen quan els animals pateixen un estr\u00e8s perllongat o han fet un exercici f\u00edsic intens durant per\u00edodes de temps llargs abans del sacrifici. El dejuni perllongat, aix\u00ed com la conducci\u00f3 brusca i les baralles derivades de la barreja d’animals, s\u00f3n els factors principals implicats en l’aparici\u00f3 de carns DFD. Quan l’estr\u00e8s es prolonga moltes hores, les reserves de glucogen s’esgoten abans del sacrifici, per la qual cosa es redueix la producci\u00f3 d’\u00e0cid l\u00e0ctic i l’acidificaci\u00f3 post-mortem sigui insuficient. Les carns DFD, tal com el seu nom indica, s\u00f3n m\u00e9s fosques i seques del que \u00e9s normal, i resulten menys saboroses. A m\u00e9s, les carns DFD s\u00f3n m\u00e9s propenses a patir contaminaci\u00f3 bacteriana.<\/p>\n

\u00abEl disseny del vehicle de transport aix\u00ed com el maneig dels animals s\u00f3n molt importants per minimitzar les morts durant el transport\u00bb<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n
\n

Resum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
La taxa de mortalitat \u00e9s un indicador indubtable d’una falta extrema de benestar durant el transport. Una de les causes m\u00e9s importants de mortalitat durant el transport \u00e9s la hipert\u00e8rmia maligna o \u00abs\u00edndrome d’estr\u00e8s porc\u00ed\u00bb. El disseny del vehicle de transport, aix\u00ed com el maneig dels animals, s\u00f3n factors de gran import\u00e0ncia per augmentar el benestar dels animals durant el transport. L’estr\u00e8s durant el transport incrementa la prevalen\u00e7a d’algunes malalties com la salmonel\u00b7losi. Les lesions a la pell, els hematomes i les ferides profundes ocasionats pel transport resulten en decomisos, mentre que les carns PSE i DFD indiquen un mal maneig dels animals i provoquen p\u00e8rdues econ\u00f2miques importants.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n

Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Appleby MC, Cussen V, Garc\u00e9s L, Lambert LA, Turner J, 2008. Long distance transport and welfare of farm animals. CABI Head Office.<\/li>\n
  • EFSA 2011. Scientific opinion concerning the welfare of animals during transport. The EFSA Journal 9 (1) : 1966.<\/li>\n
  • Faucitano L and Schaefer AL 2008. Welfare of pigs: from birth to slaughter. Wageningen Academic Publishers.<\/li>\n
  • Lambooij E 2007. Transport of Pigs. In: Livestock Handling and Transport, Grandin, T. CAB International. p.228-243.<\/li>\n
  • \n

    Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Faucitano L, Dadgar S, Shand P, Gonz\u00e1lez LA, Crowe TG, 2012. Road transport of cattle, swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare, carcass and meat quality: A review. Meat science, 92: 227-243.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    El transport dels animals fins a l’escorxador, malgrat que \u00e9s una fase relativament breu en el proc\u00e9s de producci\u00f3 de carn, pot ocasionar p\u00e8rdues econ\u00f2miques molt importants<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"\nImpacte econ\u00f2mic de l'estr\u00e8s durant el transport de porcs - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/impacte-economic-de-lestres-durant-el-transport-de-porcs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Impacte econ\u00f2mic de l'estr\u00e8s durant el transport de porcs - 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