{"id":2756,"date":"2015-01-01T09:00:18","date_gmt":"2015-01-01T08:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/mortalitat-neonatal-en-garrins\/"},"modified":"2024-04-06T14:37:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:37:56","slug":"mortalitat-neonatal-en-garrins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/mortalitat-neonatal-en-garrins\/","title":{"rendered":"Mortalitat neonatal en garrins"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eva Mainau, D\u00e9borah Temple, Xavier Manteca<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a>
\nDescarrega PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

La mortalitat neonatal de garrins \u00e9s un problema econ\u00f2mic i de benestar animal important. El percentatge de mortalitat neonatal varia molt entre granges i oscil\u00b7la entre el 5 i el 35%. Les morts ocorren principalment durant les primeres 48 hores despr\u00e9s del part sent l’esclafament per la truja la primera causa de mortalitat. No obstant aix\u00f2, la mortalitat neonatal de garrins \u00e9s el resultat d’un conjunt d’interaccions complexes entre la truja, els garrins i l’ambient, de manera que identificar-ne una causa \u00fanica sovint resulta molt dif\u00edcil.<\/p>\n

El complex hipot\u00e8rmia – inanici\u00f3 – aixafament <\/h2>\n

Encara que diversos estudis identifiquen l’esclafament per la truja com la causa \u00faltima principal de la mort de garrins, l’aixafament \u00e9s molt sovint el resultat dels efectes combinats de la hipot\u00e8rmia perinatal i la inanici\u00f3. Els garrins desnodrits passen m\u00e9s temps prop de la truja i tenen m\u00e9s probabilitats de ser aixafats. El sistema immunitari del garr\u00ed nounat \u00e9s immadur, de manera que la ingesti\u00f3 de calostre (que \u00e9s una font d’energia i d’immunoglobulines) abans de les 36 hores postpart \u00e9s essencial per a la seva superviv\u00e8ncia. La inanici\u00f3, que sol ser posterior a la hipot\u00e8rmia neonatal, fa que els garrins siguin encara m\u00e9s let\u00e0rgics i menys capa\u00e7os de competir amb els seus germans de ventrada per accedir a la mamella. La temperatura cr\u00edtica inferior dels garrins nadons \u00e9s de 34\u00baC i quan la temperatura ambiental \u00e9s inferior, els garrins intentaran escalfar-se tremolant i apinyant-se. Curiosament, una de les raons per les quals els garrins nounats s\u00f3n tan sensibles al fred \u00e9s que no tenen teixit adip\u00f3s marr\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Import\u00e0ncia del vigor del garr\u00ed i del pes al naixement<\/h2>\n

Un cop garantides les reserves corporals i la capacitat de termoregulaci\u00f3, el factor m\u00e9s important per a la superviv\u00e8ncia del garr\u00ed \u00e9s el seu vigor just despr\u00e9s del naixement. El vigor del garr\u00ed nonat pot mesurar-se mitjan\u00e7ant observacions de comportament, com ara el temps que triga a accedir a la mamella, i par\u00e0metres fisiol\u00f2gics com el to muscular. El vigor pot variar considerablement entre garrins d’una mateixa ventrada i aquesta variabilitat dep\u00e8n en bona mesura del grau d’hip\u00f2xia al naixement. Els garrins que neixen en darrer lloc i els que neixen de parts m\u00e9s llargs s\u00f3n m\u00e9s propensos a patir hip\u00f2xia. L’asf\u00edxia neonatal pot generar acidosi greu i t\u00e9 conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies negatives importants. Diversos problemes com la manca de vigor, la incapacitat per regular la temperatura corporal, el frac\u00e0s en la transfer\u00e8ncia passiva d’immunitat, la susceptibilitat m\u00e9s gran a infeccions i el baix rendiment productiu s’associen a un estat d’asf\u00edxia neonatal i acidosi.<\/p>\n

Els garrins amb un pes al naixement baix<\/strong> presenten tant un risc m\u00e9s gran de mortalitat com un creixement redu\u00eft durant la lactaci\u00f3. Aix\u00ed doncs, els garrins amb un pes inferior a 1 Kg en n\u00e9ixer tenen un risc m\u00e9s gran de morir abans de ser deslletats.<\/p>\n

Alletament<\/h2>\n

Un alletament dura entre 2 i 3 minuts, mentre que l’ejecci\u00f3 de llet es completa en 10-20 segons. Els garrins d’una mateixa ventrada mamen simult\u00e0niament cada 30 a 70 minuts i fins a 20 vegades al dia. Un alletament inclou cinc fases diferents:<\/p>\n

A les tres primeres fases<\/strong> s’estableix un proc\u00e9s de comunicaci\u00f3 entre la truja i els seus garrins per assegurar que els garrins estiguin al braguer quan s’inicia l’ejecci\u00f3 de llet. La truja es tomba, s’estira, exposa la mamella i emet una s\u00e8rie de grunyits amb una freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia creixent. Els garrins competeixen per aconseguir l’acc\u00e9s al mugr\u00f3 (fase 1), fer massatges al braguer r\u00edtmicament (fase 2) i estimular l’alliberament d’oxitocina per la truja mitjan\u00e7ant la realitzaci\u00f3 de moviments lents de succi\u00f3 (fase 3).<\/p>\n

La quarta fase consisteix en l’ejecci\u00f3 de llet. Durant aquesta fase, la truja augmenta la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia dels grunyits i els garrins realitzen moviments r\u00e0pids de succi\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Durant la cinquena fase<\/strong>, que ocorre despr\u00e9s de l’ejecci\u00f3, els garrins fan un massatge al braguer i realitzen moviments de succi\u00f3 lents. S’ha suggerit que en aquesta fase els garrins estimulen la s\u00edntesi de llet que consumiran en el seg\u00fcent episodi d’alletament. Durant la cinquena fase de l’alletament, la truja disminueix la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia dels seus grunyits.<\/p>\n

Tant la vitalitat com el pes al naixement determinen el grau d’estimulaci\u00f3 del braguer i per tant la quantitat de llet consumida.<\/p>\n

\"

Garr\u00ed recent nascut buscant una font de calor<\/p><\/div>\n

\u00abLa manca de vigor del garr\u00ed i una conducta maternal redu\u00efda s\u00f3n les causes principals de mortalitat neonatal\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n

Conducta maternal<\/h2>\n

Diversos elements de la conducta maternal s\u00f3n rellevants per a la superviv\u00e8ncia del garr\u00ed. La conducta de nidificaci\u00f3 no nom\u00e9s \u00e9s important per al part en si mateix, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per a l’expressi\u00f3 d’un comportament adequat durant i despr\u00e9s del part. L’expressi\u00f3 correcta de la conducta de nidificaci\u00f3 s’ha associat a una taxa de mortalitat m\u00e9s baixa durant la lactaci\u00f3 ia un augment de la durada dels episodis d’alletament.<\/p>\n

Una truja intranquil\u00b7la<\/strong> t\u00e9 m\u00e9s probabilitats d’aixafar els garrins, que a m\u00e9s tenen m\u00e9s dificultats per localitzar el braguer i ingerir el calostre o la llet, amb el conseg\u00fcent augment de la mortalitat neonatal. Els aixafaments solen oc\u00f3rrer quan la truja es tomba des d’una posici\u00f3 de peu o des de la posici\u00f3 asseguda, quan la truja s’asseu despr\u00e9s d’estar estirada o quan gira sobre si mateixa. La velocitat i la naturalesa dels moviments realitzats per la truja depenen en bona mesura de la \u201cqualitat\u201d de la seva conducta maternal. Les truges que no aixafen cap dels seus garrins mostren una conducta maternal m\u00e9s desenvolupada: realitzen la conducta de nidificaci\u00f3 durant m\u00e9s temps o amb m\u00e9s intensitat, responen m\u00e9s r\u00e0pidament a les vocalitzacions emeses pels garrins i els oloren m\u00e9s sovint.<\/p>\n

El percentatge de truges que s\u00f3n agressives cap als seus propis garrins<\/strong> varia entre l’1 i el 15%. Aquest comportament agressiu \u00e9s m\u00e9s freq\u00fcent en prim\u00edpares que en mult\u00edpares i sembla tenir un cert component gen\u00e8tic.<\/p>\n

La producci\u00f3 de llet<\/strong> varia entre les truges, sobretot durant els primers dies de lactaci\u00f3. Una producci\u00f3 insuficient de llet podria explicar entre el 6 i el 17% de les morts durant la lactaci\u00f3. Els fracassos en la lact\u00e0ncia poden ser deguts a l’estr\u00e8s per calor, a problemes metab\u00f2lics, desequilibris endocrins o malalties de la truja com ara metritis, per exemple. S’ha de considerar la possibilitat que hi hagi un problema d’agal\u00e0ctia quan m\u00e9s de 3 garrins de la mateixa camada moren.<\/p>\n

Resum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
La mortalitat de garrins \u00e9s el resultat d’un conjunt d’interaccions complexes entre la truja, el garr\u00ed i l’ambient. Encara que l’aixafament per la truja \u00e9s la principal causa \u00faltima de mort dels garrins, aquesta sol ser conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de la hipot\u00e8rmia i la inanici\u00f3. El vigor dels garrins i el seu pes al naixement, aix\u00ed com la conducta maternal de la truja, tenen un efecte molt important en la superviv\u00e8ncia dels garrins. Per tant, les estrat\u00e8gies de maneig dirigides a reduir l’estr\u00e8s de la truja i a millorar el vigor dels garrins en n\u00e9ixer s\u00f3n fonamentals per reduir la mortalitat neonatal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n

Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Alonso-Spilsbury M, Ram\u00edrez-Necoechea R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Lozano M, Mota-Rojas D, Trujillo-Ortega ME. Piglet survival in early lactation: a review. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2007, 6: 76-86.<\/li>\n
  • Edwards SA. Perinatal mortality in the pig: environmental or physiological solutions?. Livestock Production Science 2002, 78:3-12.<\/li>\n
  • \nFraser D. A review of the behavioural mechanism of milk ejection of the domestic pig. Applied Animal Ethology 1980, 6: 247-255.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    La mortalidad neonatal de lechones es un problema econ\u00f3mico y de bienestar animal importante. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1526,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"\nMortalitat neonatal en garrins - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/mortalitat-neonatal-en-garrins\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mortalitat neonatal en garrins - 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