{"id":2767,"date":"2021-03-01T11:00:10","date_gmt":"2021-03-01T10:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/dolor-causat-pel-part-a-la-truja-ii-indicadors-utils-i-reduccio-del-dolor\/"},"modified":"2024-05-07T14:19:17","modified_gmt":"2024-05-07T13:19:17","slug":"dolor-causat-pel-part-a-la-truja-ii-indicadors-utils-i-reduccio-del-dolor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/dolor-causat-pel-part-a-la-truja-ii-indicadors-utils-i-reduccio-del-dolor\/","title":{"rendered":"Dolor causat pel part a la truja (2\/2): Indicadors \u00fatils i reducci\u00f3 del dolor"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Elena Navarro, Eva Mainau, D\u00e9borah Temple, Pol Llonch, Xavier Manteca<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Ficha_Tcnica_FAWEC_n21_es.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Descarregar PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Info_adicional_FS21_es.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Maig 2021<\/p>\n<p>El dolor \u00e9s una experi\u00e8ncia sensorial i emocional que t\u00e9 efectes negatius sobre el benestar animal i la producci\u00f3. Els porcs poden patir dolor a causa de diversos motius: durant els maneigs rutinaris com el tall de cua i la castraci\u00f3, quan estan malalts o lesionats i durant alguns processos fisiol\u00f2gics com el part. Actualment, l&#8217;avaluaci\u00f3 del dolor en animals de producci\u00f3 \u00e9s molt complexa i continua essent un repte important en la investigaci\u00f3 veterin\u00e0ria i biom\u00e8dica.<\/p>\n<h3>El part \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s dolor\u00f3s<\/h3>\n<p>En general, s&#8217;accepta que el part \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s fisiol\u00f2gic dolor\u00f3s que totes les truges de producci\u00f3 experimenten almenys una vegada a la vida. Aquest dolor pot ser encara m\u00e9s intens si la truja pateix algun problema, com ara un part dist\u00f2cic (per exemple, un part exageradament llarg). En conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, el dolor associat amb el part representa un possible problema de benestar i les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies del dolor poden causar p\u00e8rdues econ\u00f2miques. Per exemple, el dolor pot endarrerir la recuperaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una truja despr\u00e9s del part, reduint el consum d&#8217;aliments i d&#8217;aigua i disminuint la producci\u00f3 de llet. Aix\u00f2 pot contribuir indirectament a un pitjor creixement dels garrins, aix\u00ed com a un increment de la mortalitat.<\/p>\n<p>S&#8217;ha demostrat que les truges prim\u00edpares solen tenir parts m\u00e9s dolorosos que les mult\u00edpares. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s degut a la manca d&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia de les truges al primer part i al fet que, normalment, les truges prim\u00edpares tenen parts m\u00e9s llargs. Se suggereix que, durant la fase inicial del part, les truges prim\u00edpares experimenten m\u00e9s dolor sensorial que les truges mult\u00edpares. Tot i aix\u00f2, a mesura que avan\u00e7a el part, aquestes difer\u00e8ncies semblen ser menys pronunciades. De fet, alguns estudis recents conclouen que les truges mult\u00edpares experimenten m\u00e9s dolor que les prim\u00edpares despr\u00e9s del naixement del darrer garr\u00ed a causa de l&#8217;activitat uterina. En efecte, sembla que les contraccions uterines postpart (quan l&#8217;\u00fater es contrau i torna a la mida d&#8217;abans de la gestaci\u00f3) siguin m\u00e9s doloroses per a les truges mult\u00edpares en comparaci\u00f3 amb les prim\u00edpares, a causa de la p\u00e8rdua del to uter\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>El dolor durant el part: detecci\u00f3 i avaluaci\u00f3<\/h3>\n<p>La identificaci\u00f3 del dolor \u00e9s un tema important en qu\u00e8 estan involucrats molts estudis cient\u00edfics. Idealment, s&#8217;ha d&#8217;estudiar el dolor en els animals combinant diferents tipus d&#8217;indicadors inclosos els productius, fisiol\u00f2gics i de comportament. Aquests indicadors no sempre s\u00f3n f\u00e0cils de validar i avaluar.<\/p>\n<p>Els\u00a0<strong>indicadors productius<\/strong>\u00a0s&#8217;utilitzen en molts estudis. Al contrari del que es pensa, en molts casos, el dolor es pot quantificar mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;estudi d&#8217;indicadors productius. Les truges que tenen parts molt llargs o extremadament dolorosos solen ser menys maternals. L&#8217;alteraci\u00f3 de la conducta maternal pot resultar en un augment de la taxa de mortalitat neonatal i en una reducci\u00f3 dels episodis d&#8217;alletament podent afectar el creixement dels garrins.<\/p>\n<p>Els <strong>\u00a0indicadors fisiol\u00f2gics<\/strong> manquen d&#8217;especificitat quan estudiem el dolor en el part. S&#8217;ha demostrat que les truges al part augmenten la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia card\u00edaca, la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia respirat\u00f2ria i la temperatura rectal a causa del dolor experimentat. Hi ha altres factors, com l&#8217;estr\u00e8s o els canvis hormonals durant el part, que poden modificar aquests par\u00e0metres fent-los inespec\u00edfics, i esbiaixar la interpretaci\u00f3 dels resultats.<\/p>\n<p>Els <strong>indicadors de comportament<\/strong> es consideren els m\u00e9s v\u00e0lids i espec\u00edfics per a l&#8217;estudi del dolor en els animals de granja. A m\u00e9s, les observacions de comportament no s\u00f3n invasives. Com veurem a continuaci\u00f3, els indicadors de comportament en truges al part es basen en els canvis de postura, indicadors espec\u00edfics de dolor com els moviments anti\u00e0lgics i, m\u00e9s recentment, en les expressions facials:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Canvis de postura.<\/strong> Els alts nivells de dolor durant el part deguts als parts dist\u00f2cics s&#8217;associen a un augment dels canvis de postura de les truges durant el part. En conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, el nombre d&#8217;episodis d&#8217;alletament dels garrins disminueix. Tot aix\u00f2 pot contribuir a un augment en la mortalitat neonatal. Per contra, un major nombre de canvis de postura tres dies despr\u00e9s del part s&#8217;associen a una millor recuperaci\u00f3 de la truja, la qual consumeix m\u00e9s aigua i, en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, produeix m\u00e9s llet per als garrins.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Moviments anti\u00e0lgics.<\/strong> Els moviments anti\u00e0lgics en el part estan relacionats amb el dolor que pateix la truja, sent aquests indicadors m\u00e9s freq\u00fcents durant el part que durant el postpart. Els moviments anti\u00e0lgics que s&#8217;han estudiat al part i que mostren una bona correlaci\u00f3 amb el dolor que experimenta la truja s\u00f3n: estirar la pota del darrere cap endavant, tremolar, encorbar l&#8217;esquena, donar puntades de peu i moure la cua. El moviment de la cua indica el naixement imminent d&#8217;un garr\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Expressions facials.<\/strong> Les expressions facials s\u00f3n els indicadors de comportament espec\u00edfics de dolor en truges m\u00e9s recents. Un estudi recent proposa una escala d&#8217;expressi\u00f3 facial basada en cinc Unitats d&#8217;Acci\u00f3 Facial (FAU- de l&#8217;angl\u00e8s Facial Action Units) utilitzant el part com a model de dolor a les truges. Aquests FAU s\u00f3n: tensi\u00f3 sobre els ulls, angle del musell, tensi\u00f3 del coll, tensi\u00f3 del m\u00fascul temporal i posici\u00f3 de les orelles i la tensi\u00f3 de les galtes. Els canvis en l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 facial semblen ser una eina \u00fatil per avaluar el dolor a les truges, i es classifiquen en tres nivells d&#8217;intensitat de dolor: sense dolor (19 dies despr\u00e9s del part), dolor moderat (per\u00edode entre l&#8217;expulsi\u00f3 de dos garrins) ) i dolor sever (moment de l&#8217;expulsi\u00f3 de garrins) (Figura 1).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #f8475b;\">\u00abLes expressions facials s\u00f3n els indicadors de comportament m\u00e9s recents del dolor en truges\u00bb<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"attachment_1058\" style=\"width: 570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1058\" class=\"wp-image-1058 \" src=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/imagen_editada_es-e1715086837154-300x120.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/imagen_editada_es-e1715086837154-300x120.png 560w, https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/imagen_editada_es-e1715086837154-480x204.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 560px, 100vw\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1058\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Escala d&#8217;expressi\u00f3 facial que mostra les difer\u00e8ncies f\u00edsiques visibles entre els tres nivells d&#8217;intensitat de dolor de les cinc unitats d&#8217;acci\u00f3 facial: a=tensi\u00f3 sobre els ulls, b= angle del morro, c= tensi\u00f3 del coll, d= tensi\u00f3 del m\u00fascul temporal i posici\u00f3 de l&#8217;orella i e= tensi\u00f3 de la galta (font AWEC)<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>El meloxicam: un analg\u00e8sic efica\u00e7 per al control del dolor en el part<\/h3>\n<p>El meloxicam \u00e9s un f\u00e0rmac antiinflamatori no estero\u00efdal (AINE) molt utilitzat i autoritzat a Europa per al control del dolor associat amb la castraci\u00f3 en garrins, aix\u00ed com per als trastorns locomotors en porcs i per a la ter\u00e0pia de suport juntament amb antibi\u00f2tics en el tractament del S\u00edndrome de mastitis metritis agalactia (MMA).<\/p>\n<p>Quan es tracta de problemes de salut a les femelles reproductores, \u00e9s fonamental comprendre que les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies tamb\u00e9 afecten els garrins. Un part dif\u00edcil a les truges s&#8217;associa amb un augment dels canvis de postura durant el part i immediatament despr\u00e9s del part. La truja pot passar m\u00e9s temps estirada sobre l&#8217;est\u00e8rnum que lateralment, afectant directament el consum de llet i el creixement dels garrins. La ingesta primerenca de calostre \u00e9s crucial per al desenvolupament immunol\u00f2gic i la superviv\u00e8ncia dels garrins perqu\u00e8 els garrins neixen amb energia limitada i manquen de protecci\u00f3 immunol\u00f2gica.<\/p>\n<p>Recentment, s&#8217;ha demostrat que els AINEs ajuden les truges a recuperar-se d&#8217;una situaci\u00f3 postpart dolorosa. Tamb\u00e9 s&#8217;ha demostrat que disminueixen la taxa de mortalitat de garrins al deslletament. El meloxicam \u00e9s un AINE que, administrat a truges sanes en el part, millora la recuperaci\u00f3 de les truges despr\u00e9s del part, millorant aix\u00ed el creixement dels garrins al deslletament, especialment en els garrins nascuts amb baix pes. El meloxicam tamb\u00e9 mostra beneficis per a la transfer\u00e8ncia immunol\u00f2gica. S&#8217;ha demostrat que l&#8217;administraci\u00f3 oral de meloxicam en truges mult\u00edpares a l&#8217;inici del part augmenta la concentraci\u00f3 d&#8217;immunoglobulines i citocines al calostre de les truges, millorant la resposta immunit\u00e0ria humoral i cel\u00b7lular als garrins.<\/p>\n<h3>Resum<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>El part \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s dolor\u00f3s que tota truja de producci\u00f3 experimenta almenys una vegada a la seva vida. S&#8217;han estudiat diversos indicadors de dolor per recon\u00e8ixer els parts amb dolor inacceptable. Actualment, els indicadors de comportament es consideren els m\u00e9s v\u00e0lids i espec\u00edfics per avaluar el dolor als animals de granja. Recentment, s&#8217;ha desenvolupat una escala d&#8217;expressi\u00f3 facial per detectar i avaluar el dolor de les truges durant el part. El meloxicam \u00e9s un analg\u00e8sic efica\u00e7 per controlar el dolor de les truges al part i augmenta la immunitat i el pes dels garrins al deslletament.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boehringer-ingelheim.com\/animal-health\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4820\" src=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/BI_Logo-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"202\" height=\"114\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ison SH, Jarvis S, Hall SA, Ashworth CJ, Rutherford KMD 2018. Periparturient behavior and physiology: Further insight into the farrowing process for primiparous and multiparous sows. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 5.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2018.00122\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2018.00122<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ison SH, Jarvis S, Rutherford KMD 2016. The identification of potential behavioural indicators of pain in periparturient sows. Reserch in Veterinary Science 109, 114\u2013120.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.10.002\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.10.002<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mainau E, Temple D, Manteca X 2016. Experimental study on the effect of oral meloxicam administration in sows on pre-weaning mortality and growth and immunoglobulin G transfer to piglets. Preventive Veterinary Medicine.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.01.032\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.01.032<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Navarro E, Mainau E, Manteca X 2020. Development of a Facial Expression Scale Using Farrowing as a Model of Pain in Sows. Animals 10: 2113.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10112113\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10112113<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Navarro E, Mainau E, De Miguel R, Temple D, Salas M, Manteca X 2021. Oral meloxicam administration in sows at farrowing and its effects on piglet immunity transfer and growth. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8:574250.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.574250\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.574250<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"et_bloom_bottom_trigger\"><\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El dolor \u00e9s una experi\u00e8ncia sensorial i emocional que t\u00e9 efectes negatius sobre el benestar animal i la producci\u00f3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1572,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Parts de les truges i identificaci\u00f3 del dolor | AWEC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El part \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s dolor\u00f3s que tota truja de producci\u00f3 experimenta almenys una vegada a la seva vida. 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