{"id":2773,"date":"2018-10-01T14:53:13","date_gmt":"2018-10-01T13:53:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/dolor-causat-pel-part-a-la-truja\/"},"modified":"2024-04-15T16:03:50","modified_gmt":"2024-04-15T15:03:50","slug":"dolor-causat-pel-part-a-la-truja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/dolor-causat-pel-part-a-la-truja\/","title":{"rendered":"Dolor causat pel part a la truja"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eva Mainau, D\u00e9borah Temple, Pol Llonch, Xavier Manteca<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a>
\nDescarregar PDF <\/a><\/p>\n

El part \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s dolor\u00f3s i suposa un risc tant per a la truja com per als garrins nounats. Un part dif\u00edcil (dist\u00f2cia) s’associa amb dolor intens com a resultat de parts perllongats o extracci\u00f3 assistida. El dolor causat pel part ha de rebre m\u00e9s atenci\u00f3. L’optimitzaci\u00f3 del proc\u00e9s de part reduir\u00e0 les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies negatives sobre el benestar i la productivitat de les truges.<\/p>\n

El part: un proc\u00e9s dolor\u00f3s i estressant<\/h3>\n

En general, s’accepta que el part causa dolor agut a totes les esp\u00e8cies, incloses les truges. D’acord amb una enquesta realitzada a ramaders i veterinaris de porc\u00ed al Regne Unit, quan se’ls va demanar que puntuessin (en una escala de 0 a 10) el dolor d’una varietat de condicions, el part va rebre una puntuaci\u00f3 de 4, augmentant fins una puntuaci\u00f3 de 7 quan el part requeria assist\u00e8ncia manual. Nom\u00e9s una cama fracturada i una mastitis infecciosa van ser qualificades com a m\u00e9s doloroses que el part.<\/p>\n

Diversos factors com la dificultat del part i la paritat de la truja poden modificar el grau de dolor causat pel part. La dilataci\u00f3 insuficient del canal de part o la baixa freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia i intensitat de les contraccions uterines s\u00f3n les principals causes de mol\u00e8sties i dolor al voltant del part.<\/p>\n

En general, \u00e9s m\u00e9s probable que passi dist\u00f2cia en truges primerenques que en truges mult\u00edpares. A m\u00e9s de la manca d’experi\u00e8ncia de les truges al primer part, les primerenques generalment tenen parts m\u00e9s llargs i l’esfor\u00e7 sol ser m\u00e9s gran que a les truges mult\u00edpares.<\/p>\n

Avaluaci\u00f3 del dolor causat pel part<\/h3>\n

El part condueix a canvis en diferents indicadors de dolor, i el part dist\u00f2cic t\u00e9 un efecte m\u00e9s gran que el part normal.<\/p>\n

Les prote\u00efnes de fase aguda<\/strong>, com la prote\u00efna C reactiva (CRP) i l’haptoglobina (Hp), s\u00f3n marcadors fisiol\u00f2gics d’inflamaci\u00f3 en porcs. S’han descrit alts nivells de CRP i Hp en cerres fins a una setmana despr\u00e9s del part. Aix\u00f2 pot estar relacionat amb el proc\u00e9s d’inflamaci\u00f3 del tracte reproductiu. A m\u00e9s, les primerenques tenen valors m\u00e9s alts de Hp que les truges mult\u00edpares.<\/p>\n

El part causa estr\u00e8s fisiol\u00f2gic. Es creu que l’augment del cortisol<\/strong> s\u00e8ric en el per\u00edode postpart a les truges \u00e9s una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de dos factors: primer, el dolor sempre va acompanyat d’una resposta a l’estr\u00e8s, i segon, qualsevol situaci\u00f3 nova o poc com\u00fa pot desencadenar una resposta a l’estr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n

Els canvis de comportament s\u00f3n les mesures de dolor m\u00e9s comunament utilitzades per al part, ja que s\u00f3n sensibles i no invasives.<\/p>\n

Taula.<\/strong> Indicadors de dolor causat pel part en truges.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Indicadors de comportament<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/th>\n

\n

Indicadors fisiol\u00f2gics i productius<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n

Increment<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nIncrement<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Temps de peu i assegudes<\/td>\nFreq\u00fc\u00e8ncia card\u00edaca i respirat\u00f2ria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Canvi de postura<\/td>\nTemperatura rectal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Moviments cap endavant de les potes del darrere<\/td>\nConcentraci\u00f3 plasm\u00e0tica de prote\u00efnes de fase aguda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arquejar l’esquena<\/td>\nDurada del part<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Donar patades<\/td>\nNombre de nascuts morts i\/o momificats<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tremolar<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sacsejar la cua<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Disminuci\u00f3<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nDisminuci\u00f3<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Temps en dec\u00fabit lateral<\/td>\nIngesta de menjar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nViabilitat dels garrins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00abEl part normal dura 2,5 h de mitjana, fins a 4 h en truges hiperprol\u00edfiques. Els parts de m\u00e9s llargs es consideren dist\u00f2cics i m\u00e9s dolorosos\u00bb<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n

Generalment, les truges romanen en dec\u00fabit lateral durant tot el part. Ajaure’s en la mateixa posici\u00f3 durant el naixement de tota la ventrada \u00e9s una caracter\u00edstica important del part. Amb la truja estirada tranquil\u00b7la, els garrins poden accedir a la mamella des de molt primerenca edat. El dolor causat pel part augmenta el temps total que passa de peus o asseguda i el nombre de canvis de postura durant el dia anterior i el dia del part. Tot i aix\u00f2, a mesura que avan\u00e7a la lactaci\u00f3, un augment en el temps total de peu indica que la truja s’est\u00e0 recuperant del proc\u00e9s de part. Les truges actives al comen\u00e7ament de la lactaci\u00f3 semblen ser m\u00e9s \u00abconscients\u00bb dels garrins i beuen m\u00e9s aigua, cosa que d\u00f3na com a resultat m\u00e9s llet i un major creixement dels garrins.<\/p>\n

Els indicadors de comportament espec\u00edfics de dolor s’han descrit recentment a truges el dia del part i el dia posterior. Aquests comportaments s\u00f3n absents o molt infreq\u00fcents en el per\u00edode anterior al part. Inclouen el seg\u00fcent: moviments cap endavant de les potes del darrere, arqueig de l’esquena, donar puntades de peu, tremolor i sacsejades de la cua. L’arquejament de l’esquena sembla estar relacionat amb les contraccions uterines, m
\nentre que la sacsejada de la cua est\u00e0 fortament associada amb l’expulsi\u00f3 imminent dels garrins. El tremolor podria ser indicatiu dels efectes acumulatius de la inflamaci\u00f3, el dolor i la fatiga a mesura que avan\u00e7a el part.<\/p>\n

El comportament dels garrins nadons reflecteix la dificultat del part. A les truges, un alt percentatge de garrins nascuts amb una baixa viabilitat s’associa amb un part dif\u00edcil.<\/p>\n

Conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies del dolor causat pel part<\/h3>\n

La lesi\u00f3 i la inflamaci\u00f3 associades amb el part (especialment a la dist\u00f2cia) poden tenir efectes negatius sobre el benestar i la productivitat. Per exemple, el dolor al part pot reduir el consum d’aliment i, com a resultat, augmentar la p\u00e8rdua de pes i reduir la producci\u00f3 de llet a les truges. La dist\u00f2cia augmenta el risc de diverses afeccions que inclouen endometritis, secreci\u00f3 vulvar, retenci\u00f3 de la placenta, s\u00edndrome de mastitis-metritis-ag\u00e0laxia, fertilitat alterada i sacrifici primerenc.<\/p>\n

El dolor i l’estr\u00e8s causats pel part inhibeixen l’alliberament d’oxitocina, cosa que pot ocasionar part prolongat, reducci\u00f3 de l’ejecci\u00f3 del calostre i la llet i alteraci\u00f3 de la conducta maternal. Aquestes alteracions poden donar com a resultat un creixement redu\u00eft dels garrins i una major mortalitat abans del deslletament.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Principals conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies del dolor i l’estr\u00e8s causats pel part en truges.<\/p><\/div>\n

Prevenci\u00f3 \u2013 Reducci\u00f3 de les dificultats en el part<\/h3>\n

\u00c9s fonamental avaluar el benestar de les truges a la sala de parts (avaluaci\u00f3 de la durada del part, nombre de truges que necessiten assist\u00e8ncia, viabilitat dels garrins i complicacions posteriors al part, com retenci\u00f3 de la placenta, desc\u00e0rregues vulvars i disgal\u00e0ctia). Si es detecten problemes, el procediment adequat ha d’incloure una alimentaci\u00f3 i nutrici\u00f3 \u00f2ptimes per a les truges, una avaluaci\u00f3 acurada de la condici\u00f3 corporal per evitar el sobrep\u00e8s de les truges i uns procediments de maneig una vegada que les truges estiguin sent preparades per al part. A m\u00e9s, una avaluaci\u00f3 acurada de possibles coixeres i el tractament r\u00e0pid poden ajudar a reduir els problemes amb el part.<\/p>\n

Tractament del dolor causat pel part<\/h3>\n

Els antiinflamatoris no estero\u00efdals (AINEs) estan registrats per tractar afeccions que involucren dolor i inflamaci\u00f3 als porcs, que es poden experimentar al part. Avui dia, els AINEs s’usen per tractar la s\u00edndrome de mastitis-metritis-ag\u00e0laxia (MMA o PPDS) i la letargia postpart, on les truges no mengen. Els ramaders i els veterinaris estan d’acord que les truges es recuperen millor amb l’\u00fas d’analg\u00e8sics.<\/p>\n

Investigacions recents suggereixen que l’administraci\u00f3 d’AINEs al part \u00e9s beneficiosa per al benestar i la productivitat de la truja. S’ha demostrat que el tractament amb meloxicam redueix el temps de perman\u00e8ncia passiva despr\u00e9s del part. La reducci\u00f3 en el temps de rep\u00f2s despr\u00e9s del part indica que les truges es recuperen m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid del part i, alhora, pot reduir el risc de lesions a la pell causades per substrats inadequats.<\/p>\n

Els AINEs tamb\u00e9 produeixen beneficis per al benestar i el rendiment dels garrins. En un estudi a gran escala en granges comercials, la mortalitat dels garrins abans del deslletament es va reduir a les truges que van rebre AINEs. Estudis recents van mostrar que el pes al deslletament en garrins nascuts de truges tractades amb AINEs estava entre 200 i 400 g m\u00e9s que en el grup control. A m\u00e9s, s’ha demostrat que l’administraci\u00f3 oral de meloxicam a truges mult\u00edpares augmenta la concentraci\u00f3 d’immunoglobulina G al s\u00e8rum dels garrins i millora el seu creixement previ al deslletament. Com que els garrins neixen amb un sistema immune immadur, l’adquisici\u00f3 d’immunoglobulina del calostre \u00e9s fonamentalment important.<\/p>\n

Resum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
El part s’associa amb dolor i estr\u00e8s que poden alterar els processos normals i desencadenar conductes maternals anormals, amb conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies negatives per al creixement i la superviv\u00e8ncia dels garrins. Els AINEs administrats al part s\u00f3n \u00fatils per mitigar el dolor a les truges i reduir les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies negatives sobre el benestar i la productivitat.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n

Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Ison SH y Rutherford KMD 2014. Attitudes of farmers and veterinarians towards pain and the use of pain relief in pigs. The Veterinary Journal 202: 622-627.<\/li>\n
  • Mainau E, Temple D, Manteca X 2016. Experimental study on the effect of oral meloxicam administration in sows on pre-weaning mortality and growth and immunoglobulin G transfer to piglets. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 126: 48-53.<\/li>\n
  • Mainau E, Manteca X 2011. Pain and discomfort caused by parturition in cows and sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135: 241-251.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    El part \u00e9s un proc\u00e9s dolor\u00f3s i suposa un risc tant per a la truja com per als garrins nounats.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1560,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-2773","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-de-granja","tag-animals-de-granja"],"yoast_head":"\nDolor causat pel part a la truja - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/dolor-causat-pel-part-a-la-truja\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dolor causat pel part a la truja - 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