{"id":2777,"date":"2012-06-02T13:51:07","date_gmt":"2012-06-02T12:51:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/que-es-el-benestar-animal\/"},"modified":"2024-07-31T18:23:44","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T17:23:44","slug":"que-es-el-benestar-animal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-de-granja\/que-es-el-benestar-animal\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el benestar animal? exemples en animals de producci\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Xavier Manteca, Eva Mainau, D\u00e9borah Temple<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/a>
\nDescarregar fitxa t\u00e8cnica en PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

El concepte de benestar animal inclou tres elements: el funcionament adequat de l’organisme (el que entre altres coses suposa que els animals estiguin sans i ben alimentats), l’estat emocional de l’animal (incloent-hi l’abs\u00e8ncia d’emocions negatives com ara el dolor i la por cr\u00f2nica) i la possibilitat d’expressar algunes conductes normals pr\u00f2pies de l’esp\u00e8cie (Fraser et al., 1997). \u00c9s important tenir en compte que no totes les conductes s\u00f3n igualment importants pel que fa al benestar de l’animal. Des d’un punt de vista pr\u00e0ctic, la indicaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s clara que una conducta \u00e9s important en si mateixa \u00e9s que l’animal mostra una resposta d’estr\u00e8s o manifesta conductes anormals quan no pot expressar la conducta en q\u00fcesti\u00f3. La conducta de nidificaci\u00f3 de la truja abans del part o la conducta de furgar dels porcs s\u00f3n exemples d’aquestes conductes importants. Aquests tres principis no s\u00f3n necess\u00e0riament contradictoris, sin\u00f3 que moltes vegades s\u00f3n complementaris (Mendl, 2001).<\/p>\n

El benestar animal utilitza un enfocament multidimensional<\/h3>\n

Els tres principis comentats abans apareixen recollits en diverses definicions \u201coficials\u201d de benestar animal. Aix\u00ed, per exemple, l’Organitzaci\u00f3 Mundial de la Salut Animal considera que un animal es troba en un estat satisfactori de benestar quan est\u00e0 sa, confortable i ben alimentat, pot expressar el seu comportament innat, i no pateix dolor, por o distrets (WOAH, 2008).<\/p>\n

Les cinc llibertats<\/h3>\n

D’acord amb el principi de les cinc llibertats, el benestar d’un animal queda garantit quan es compleixen els cinc requisits seg\u00fcents (FAWC, 1992; 1993):<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. L’animal no pateix set, gana ni malnutrici\u00f3, perqu\u00e8 t\u00e9 acc\u00e9s a aigua de beguda i se li subministra una dieta adequada a les seves necessitats.<\/li>\n
  2. L’animal no pateix estr\u00e8s f\u00edsic ni t\u00e8rmic, perqu\u00e8 se li proporciona un ambient adequat, incloent refugi davant les inclem\u00e8ncies clim\u00e0tiques i una \u00e0rea de descans c\u00f2moda.<\/li>\n
  3. L’animal no pateix dolor, lesions ni malalties, gr\u00e0cies a una prevenci\u00f3 adequada i\/o un diagn\u00f2stic i tractament r\u00e0pids.<\/li>\n
  4. L’animal \u00e9s capa\u00e7 de mostrar la majoria dels patrons normals de conducta, perqu\u00e8 se li proporciona l’espai necessari i les instal\u00b7lacions adequades, i s’allotja en companyia d’altres individus de la seva esp\u00e8cie.<\/li>\n
  5. L’animal no experimenta por ni distret, perqu\u00e8 es garanteixen les condicions necess\u00e0ries per evitar el patiment mental<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    El principi de les cinc llibertats constitueix una aproximaci\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica molt \u00fatil a l’estudi del benestar i especialment a la seva valoraci\u00f3 a les explotacions ramaderes i durant el transport i sacrifici dels animals de granja. A m\u00e9s, aquest principi ha constitu\u00eft la base de moltes de les lleis de protecci\u00f3 dels animals a la Uni\u00f3 Europea i en altres parts del m\u00f3n. Tot i la seva indubtable utilitat, el principi de les cinc llibertats presenta dos problemes. En primer lloc, resulta de vegades excessivament gen\u00e8ric. A m\u00e9s, algunes de les cinc llibertats se superposen entre si. Com a resposta a aquests problemes, s’han proposat aproximacions lleugerament diferents, encara que basades en els mateixos conceptes. En particular, cal tenir en compte la proposta de valoraci\u00f3 del benestar animal del projecte Welfare Quality\u00ae. El projecte Welfare Quality\u00ae \u00e9s un projecte de recerca de la Uni\u00f3 Europea que es va iniciar el maig del 2004 i va tenir una durada de cinc anys. Al projecte van participar m\u00e9s de 40 institucions cient\u00edfiques de quinze pa\u00efsos diferents. Un dels objectius del projecte va ser posar a punt un sistema de valoraci\u00f3 del benestar animal que sigui acceptat per la Uni\u00f3 Europea. Cal destacar que els protocols Welfare Quality\u00ae inclouen majorit\u00e0riament mesures basades directament en els animals, a difer\u00e8ncia d’altres protocols que inclouen b\u00e0sicament mesures basades a l’ambient.<\/p>\n

    Valoraci\u00f3 global del benestar animal<\/h3>\n

    D’acord amb aquesta proposta, la valoraci\u00f3 del benestar animal ha de tenir en compte quatre aspectes:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Els animals estan alimentats correctament?<\/li>\n
    • Els animals estan allotjats manera adequada?<\/li>\n
    • L’estat sanitari dels animals \u00e9s adequat?<\/li>\n
    • El comportament dels animals transmet un estat emocional adequat? Aquest darrer aspecte pot ser el m\u00e9s nou i controvertit. D’una manera molt senzilla, fa refer\u00e8ncia al fet que els animals no haurien d’experimentar por, dolor, frustraci\u00f3 o qualsevol altre estat emocional negatiu, almenys de manera cr\u00f2nica o molt intensa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \"\"

      Allotjar els porcs sobre llit de palla els permet expressar el seu comportament natural de buscar aliment.<\/p><\/div>\n

      Principis i criteris en els protocols Welfare Quality\u00ae<\/h3>\n

      Aquestes quatre preguntes s\u00f3n el punt de partida d’un conjunt de 12 criteris en qu\u00e8 s’hauria de basar qualsevol sistema de valoraci\u00f3 del benestar. Aquests criteris, ordenats segons les quatre preguntes anteriors, s\u00f3n els seg\u00fcents:<\/p>\n

      Alimentaci\u00f3<\/h4>\n
        \n
      • Abs\u00e8ncia de gana prolongada<\/li>\n
      • Abs\u00e8ncia de set perllongada<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Allotjament<\/h4>\n
          \n
        • Confort en relaci\u00f3 amb el descans<\/li>\n
        • Confort t\u00e8rmic<\/li>\n
        • Facilitat de moviment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Estat sanitari<\/h4>\n
            \n
          • Abs\u00e8ncia de lesions<\/li>\n
          • Abs\u00e8ncia de malaltia<\/li>\n
          • Abs\u00e8ncia de dolor causat per pr\u00e0ctiques de maneig tals com la castraci\u00f3, el tall de cua, el decornat, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Comportament<\/h4>\n
              \n
            • Expressi\u00f3 d’un comportament social adequat, de manera que hi hagi un equilibri entre els aspectes negatius (agressivitat, per exemple) i els positius.<\/li>\n
            • Expressi\u00f3 adequada d’altres conductes, de manera que hi hagi un equilibri adequat entre els aspectes negatius (estereot\u00edpies, per exemple) i els positius.<\/li>\n
            • Interacci\u00f3 adequada entre els animals i els seus cuidadors, de manera que aquells no mostrin por de les persones.<\/li>\n
            • Estat emocional positiu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u00abEl concepte de benestar fa refer\u00e8ncia a l’estat d’un individu en relaci\u00f3 amb el seu entorn, i es pot mesurar\u00bb<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n

              (Donald Broom, cient\u00edfic en benestar animal)<\/em><\/p>\n

              \"\"

              Els indicadors basats en l’animal ens permeten avaluar el benestar tant en els sistemes intensius com extensius.<\/p><\/div>\n

              Resum<\/h3>\n

              Com a resum, pot ser \u00fatil recordar les idees seg\u00fcents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n
                \n
              • Resulta indubtable que el patiment dels animals \u00e9s un aspecte clau en el debat sobre el benestar. Per tant, les situacions que causen patiment \u2013com ara el dolor o la por, per exemple-, constitueixen un problema de benestar.<\/li>\n
              • La incapacitat de l’animal d’adaptar-se a l’entorn causa patiment i, per tant, estudiar els par\u00e0metres que permeten quantificar el grau d’adaptaci\u00f3 dels animals aporta informaci\u00f3 \u00fatil sobre el benestar.<\/li>\n
              • Hi ha conductes \u201cnaturals\u201d que s\u00f3n importants en si mateixes i, per tant, els animals s’haurien de mantenir en un ambient que permet\u00e9s l’expressi\u00f3 d’aquestes conductes.<\/li>\n
              • Benestar no \u00e9s sin\u00f2nim de salut. En efecte, la salut \u00e9s un aspecte molt important del benestar, per\u00f2 el concepte de benestar \u00e9s m\u00e9s ampli i inclou altres aspectes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                \n

                Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • Botreau R, Veissier I, Butterworth A, Bracke M B M and Keeling L J 2007 Definition of criteria for overall assessment of animal welfare Animal Welfare 16: 225-228<\/li>\n
                • Farm Animal Welfare Council 1992 FAWC updates the five freedoms Veterinary Record 17: 357.<\/li>\n
                • Farm Animal Welfare Council 1993 Second Report on Priorities for Research and Development in Farm Animal Welfare. Londres: DEFRA.<\/li>\n
                • Fraser D, Weary D M, Pajor E A and Milligan B N 1997 A scientific conception of animal welfare that reflects ethical concerns Animal Welfare 6: 187-205.<\/li>\n
                • Mendl M 2001 Animal husbandry: Assessing the welfare state Nature 410: 31-32<\/li>\n
                • World Organization of Animal Health 2008 Introduction to the recommendations for animal welfare, Article 7.1.1. Pages 235-236 in Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2008. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, Francia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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