{"id":2812,"date":"2017-02-01T16:32:15","date_gmt":"2017-02-01T15:32:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/avaluacio-del-benestar-en-animals-de-zoologic-indicadors-basats-en-lanimal\/"},"modified":"2024-04-06T14:38:34","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:38:34","slug":"avaluacio-del-benestar-en-animals-de-zoologic-indicadors-basats-en-lanimal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-salvatges\/avaluacio-del-benestar-en-animals-de-zoologic-indicadors-basats-en-lanimal\/","title":{"rendered":"Avaluaci\u00f3 del benestar en animals de zool\u00f2gic: indicadors basats en l’animal"},"content":{"rendered":"

Marina Salas, Xavier Manteca<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Descarregar PDF fitxa t\u00e8cnica<\/a>
\nEl benestar animal s’ha convertit en una prioritat per als zool\u00f2gics moderns. Els protocols d’avaluaci\u00f3 del benestar animal s’han de basar en el principi que el benestar inclou la salut f\u00edsica i emocional, aix\u00ed com el comportament dels animals<\/p>\n

Indicadors de benestar<\/h2>\n

Els indicadors de benestar es poden dividir en indicadors \u201cbasats a l’ambient\u201d i en indicadors \u201cbasats a l’animal\u201d. Els indicadors \u201cbasats en l’ambient\u201d s\u00f3n variables que no es mesuren als animals, sin\u00f3 al seu entorn. Alguns exemples d’indicadors basats en l’ambient s\u00f3n la mesura i el disseny de les instal\u00b7lacions on es troben els animals, la provisi\u00f3 d’aigua i l’enriquiment ambiental. D’altra banda, els indicadors \u201cbasats a l’animal\u201d inclouen totes aquelles variables que s\u00f3n mesurades directament en els animals, com ara canvis en el comportament, l’aparen\u00e7a, la salut i els par\u00e0metres fisiol\u00f2gics.<\/p>\n

Indicadors relacionats amb el comportament dels animals<\/h2>\n

Els canvis en el comportament s\u00f3n especialment \u00fatils per avaluar el benestar. S’hi inclouen tant els comportaments \u201canormals\u201d (\u00e9s a dir, comportaments que mai o en rares ocasions s’observen a la natura i que s\u00f3n indicatius de manca de benestar), com els canvis en la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, durada o intensitat de comportaments normals. Les estereot\u00edpies i l’apatia s\u00f3n exemples de comportaments \u201canormals\u201d. Les estereot\u00edpies han estat descrites com a comportaments repetitius causats per la frustraci\u00f3, per repetits intents d’adaptar-se a l’ambient o per una disfunci\u00f3 del sistema nervi\u00f3s central. En general, aquests comportaments repetitius s\u00f3n considerats com a indicadors de manca de benestar. L’apatia es defineix com un estat d’inactivitat anormal que s’acompanya per una manca de resposta cap als est\u00edmuls ambientals. L’apatia pot apar\u00e8ixer en animals que es troben en ambients mon\u00f2tons i\/o estressants, especialment quan els animals no poden exercir cap mena de control sobre l’ambient que els envolta. El segon tipus de canvis en el comportament que s\u00f3n particularment \u00fatils per avaluar el benestar \u00e9s l’aparici\u00f3 de canvis en la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, la durada o la intensitat de comportaments normals. Alguns exemples s\u00f3n canvis en el consum d’aliment, el joc i les conductes afiliatives, agressives i maternals.<\/p>\n

Indicadors relacionats amb l’aspecte dels animals<\/h2>\n

La condici\u00f3 corporal, l’estat del pel i de les plomes, la postura i l’expressi\u00f3 facial dels animals tamb\u00e9 s\u00f3n \u00fatils per avaluar el benestar. Per exemple, tant una pobra com una condici\u00f3 corporal excessiva poden indicar un problema de benestar. Una pobre condici\u00f3 corporal o la p\u00e8rdua de pes poden ser indicatives d’una nutrici\u00f3 inadequada, de l’exist\u00e8ncia d’una malaltia o de fam cr\u00f2nica. D’altra banda, la condici\u00f3 corporal excessiva o obesitat pot incrementar el risc de coixesa i pot tenir efectes adversos a la salut dels animals. Sovint, l’obesitat \u00e9s conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d’una dieta inadequada o de manca d’exercici f\u00edsic, ja sigui perqu\u00e8 l’animal no disposa d’espai suficient o perqu\u00e8 l’entorn no estimula ni el comportament normal de l’animal ni el nivell d’activitat.<\/p>\n

Indicadors obtinguts a partir dels registres<\/h2>\n

La prevalen\u00e7a i la incid\u00e8ncia de malalties i esperan\u00e7a de vida s\u00f3n indicadors obtinguts a partir de registres. La salut \u00e9s un aspecte molt important del benestar i qualsevol malaltia es pot considerar un indicador negatiu de benestar. Algunes de les malalties especialment importants quan s’avalua el benestar s\u00f3n:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Malalties que causen dolor (especialment si \u00e9s greu i\/o perllongat).<\/li>\n
  • Malalties que causen incomoditat.<\/li>\n
  • Malalties que debiliten l’animal, en dificulten la capacitat per accedir a recursos importants o b\u00e9 ho fan m\u00e9s vulnerable davant de possibles agressions.<\/li>\n
  • Malalties que interfereixen amb l’expressi\u00f3 del comportament normal i que redueixen la possibilitat que l’animal tingui emocions positives.<\/li>\n
  • Malalties multifactorials que depenen en part de l’estr\u00e8s o de les condicions ambientals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    L’esperan\u00e7a de vida tamb\u00e9 es pot fer servir com un indicador de benestar. Hi ha diversos factors que podrien explicar els efectes negatius que pot tenir la captivitat sobre l’esperan\u00e7a de vida. Alguns exemples s\u00f3n l’estr\u00e8s o l’ansietat duradors, l’elevada prevalen\u00e7a de malalties en captivitat, l’endog\u00e0mia, les alteracions en el comportament maternal i l’agressivitat entre animals.<\/p>\n

    Indicadors fisiol\u00f2gics<\/h2>\n

    Els par\u00e0metres fisiol\u00f2gics tamb\u00e9 poden proporcionar informaci\u00f3 \u00fatil sobre el benestar animal. Els indicadors fisiol\u00f2gics que es fan servir m\u00e9s sovint s\u00f3n aquells que mesuren l’activitat de l’eix hipot\u00e0lem-pitu\u00eft\u00e0ria-adrenal (HPA), ja que la resposta d’estr\u00e8s involucra l’activaci\u00f3 d’aquest eix HPA que, alhora, resulta en una secreci\u00f3 incrementada de glucocorticoides. La concentraci\u00f3 de cortisol, corticosterona o dels seus metab\u00f2lits es fa servir per mesurar la resposta d’estr\u00e8s i, per tant, per avaluar el benestar animal. La concentraci\u00f3 de glucocorticoides es pot mesurar en diverses mostres biol\u00f2giques, sent el plasma, la saliva, la femta, els cabells o les plomes els que s’utilitzen amb m\u00e9s freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia en animals de zool\u00f2gics. Altres mesures fisiol\u00f2giques com la concentraci\u00f3 d’oxitocina, la longitud dels tel\u00f2mers, el quocient heter\u00f2fils: limf\u00f2cits i les prote\u00efnes de fase aguda tamb\u00e9 s’utilitzen com a indicadors de benestar.<\/p>\n

    Conclusi\u00f3<\/h2>\n

    Ja hem comentat pr\u00e8viament que el benestar inclou la salut f\u00edsica i emocional i tamb\u00e9 el comportament dels animals. No hi ha cap indicador que proporcioni prou informaci\u00f3 per avaluar el benestar animal. Per aquest motiu, el benestar animal nom\u00e9s ha de ser avaluat mitjan\u00e7ant una combinaci\u00f3 de diferents indicadors. Addicionalment, tots els indicadors descrits en aquest document tenen limitacions metodol\u00f2giques que cal tenir en compte abans d’arribar a cap conclusi\u00f3 sobre el nivell de benestar que presenten els animals de zool\u00f2gic.<\/p>\n

    Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Botreau R, Veissier I, Butterworth A, Bracke MBM, Keeling LJ (2007) Definici\u00f3 de criteria per a overall assessment d’animal welfare. Animal Welfare 16: 225-228.<\/li>\n
    • Broom DM (1991) Animal welfare: concepts and measurement. Journal of Animal Science 69: 4167-4175.<\/li>\n
    • EFSA Panell on Animal Health and Welfare (2012) Statement on s’utilitza animal-based measures to assess the welfare of animals. EFSA Journal 10(6):2767.<\/li>\n
    • Hosey G, Melfi V i Pankhurst S (2013) Zoo animals. Behaviour, management and welfare, 2nd Oxford University Press, Oxford.<\/li>\n
    • Morgan KN and Tromborg CT (2007) Sources of stress in captivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 262-302.<\/li>\n
    • Morm\u00e8de P, Andanson S, Aup\u00e9rin B, Beerda B, Gu\u00e9men\u00e9 D, Malmkvist J, Mantega X, Manteuffel G, Prunet P, van Reenen CG, Richard S and Veissier I (2007) tool to evaluate animal welfare. Physiology Behavior 92: 317-339.<\/li>\n
    • Rushen J and Mason GJ (2006) A decade-or-more’s progress in understanding stereotypic behaviour. In: Mason GJ and Rushen J (Eds.) Stereotypic Animal Behaviour. Fonamentals and Applications to Welfare, 2nd CAB International, Wallingford.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      El benestar animal ha esdevingut una prioritat per als zool\u00f2gics moderns. Els protocols d’avaluaci\u00f3 del benestar animal s’han de basar en el principi que el benestar inclou la salut f\u00edsica i emocional, aix\u00ed com el comportament dels animals<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1554,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[128],"tags":[120],"class_list":["post-2812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animals-salvatges","tag-animals-salvatges"],"yoast_head":"\nAvaluaci\u00f3 del benestar en animals de zool\u00f2gic: indicadors basats en l'animal - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/ca\/animals-salvatges\/avaluacio-del-benestar-en-animals-de-zoologic-indicadors-basats-en-lanimal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Avaluaci\u00f3 del benestar en animals de zool\u00f2gic: indicadors basats en l'animal - Awec\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"El benestar animal ha esdevingut una prioritat per als zool\u00f2gics moderns. 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