report<\/strong><\/a> is to suggest a list of indicators to assess welfare in captive African elephants. The report provides a list of
\nanimal-based and resource-based indicators grouped according to the four principles of the Welfare Quality\u00ae protocol. Animal based indicators may offer advantages over resource based indicators; for example, they should be equally applicable across a wide range of housing conditions. On the other hand, however, there is a number of welfare issues for which no adequate animal-based indicators is available. Furthermore, although animal-based indicators may be the best option to assess welfare, resource based indicators are still needed to select improvement strategies. Therefore, a combination of both types of indicators is warranted. For each indicator, its rationale (e.g. why the indicator has been included in the protocol), its problems and limitations, and the suggested methodology to record it (when applicable) are included. At the end of each indicator, a conclusion is given.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"African elephants welfare assessment protocols<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":2089,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[132],"tags":[66],"class_list":["post-2087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wild-animals","tag-wild-animals"],"yoast_head":"\n
Loxodonta africana - Awec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Loxodonta africana - Awec\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"African elephants welfare assessment protocols\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Awec\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-05-17T14:16:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-11-24T16:40:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Clara Little Mamut\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Clara Little Mamut\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Clara Little Mamut\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/d9c0eb8e39fe65dba4873d252abdc170\"},\"headline\":\"Loxodonta africana\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-05-17T14:16:01+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-11-24T16:40:28+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/\"},\"wordCount\":168,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"Wild animals\"],\"articleSection\":[\"wild animals\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/\",\"name\":\"Loxodonta africana - Awec\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-05-17T14:16:01+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-11-24T16:40:28+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp\",\"width\":450,\"height\":300},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Inicio\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/home\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"wild animals\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/category\/wild-animals\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Loxodonta africana\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/\",\"name\":\"AWEC\",\"description\":\"Animal Welfare education centre\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"AWEC Centro de Educaci\u00f3n en Bienestar Animal\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/AWEC_Logo@2x.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/AWEC_Logo@2x.png\",\"width\":1201,\"height\":182,\"caption\":\"AWEC Centro de Educaci\u00f3n en Bienestar Animal\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/d9c0eb8e39fe65dba4873d252abdc170\",\"name\":\"Clara Little Mamut\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5cf083ab338fe0daa8a7c5113e545f90ebd44949e5d19ac00b69f0062f25fde0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5cf083ab338fe0daa8a7c5113e545f90ebd44949e5d19ac00b69f0062f25fde0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Clara Little Mamut\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Loxodonta africana - Awec","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Loxodonta africana - Awec","og_description":"African elephants welfare assessment protocols","og_url":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/","og_site_name":"Awec","article_published_time":"2017-05-17T14:16:01+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-11-24T16:40:28+00:00","og_image":[{"width":450,"height":300,"url":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"Clara Little Mamut","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Clara Little Mamut","Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/"},"author":{"name":"Clara Little Mamut","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/d9c0eb8e39fe65dba4873d252abdc170"},"headline":"Loxodonta africana","datePublished":"2017-05-17T14:16:01+00:00","dateModified":"2025-11-24T16:40:28+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/"},"wordCount":168,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp","keywords":["Wild animals"],"articleSection":["wild animals"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/","url":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/","name":"Loxodonta africana - Awec","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp","datePublished":"2017-05-17T14:16:01+00:00","dateModified":"2025-11-24T16:40:28+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Elefantew-d265fb8b.webp","width":450,"height":300},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wild-animals\/loxodonta-africana\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Inicio","item":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/home\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"wild animals","item":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/category\/wild-animals\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Loxodonta africana"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/","name":"AWEC","description":"Animal Welfare education centre","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#organization","name":"AWEC Centro de Educaci\u00f3n en Bienestar Animal","url":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/AWEC_Logo@2x.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/AWEC_Logo@2x.png","width":1201,"height":182,"caption":"AWEC Centro de Educaci\u00f3n en Bienestar Animal"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/d9c0eb8e39fe65dba4873d252abdc170","name":"Clara Little Mamut","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5cf083ab338fe0daa8a7c5113e545f90ebd44949e5d19ac00b69f0062f25fde0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5cf083ab338fe0daa8a7c5113e545f90ebd44949e5d19ac00b69f0062f25fde0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Clara Little Mamut"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2087"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2087\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5787,"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2087\/revisions\/5787"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/awecadvisors.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}